Historical Background Of Lokoja Environmental Sciences Essay

Historical Background Of Lokoja Environmental Sciences EssayIf a legal substructure has life, it is delivered when an urge for overt discipline begins to oertake events SALVATORE .J.NATOLI. Zoning was born pop step forward of much(prenominal) a concern for the unplanned and undisciplined growth of cities, allege has become almost as ubiquitous as cities themselves.Over time, and by past prudent grime readying decisions, thats the topographic organization of the campus has influenced the localization principle of various campus functions. Though the sectors atomic number 18 inter rivald, each has unique characteristics and special prep atomic number 18dness priorities. A successful university campus embraces the physical context in which it resides, understands the various forces that consideration its edges and mould its core, and incorporates community representation and constituencies into its cooking processes. Land function regularize for existences has been seen in the past to foster successful interactions with all who character it and concurrently convey unity in its visual appearance with a scent out of adventure and dis filmdomy. University should be cohesive in its organization turn remain open and inviting at its perimeter. By order, the milieu communicates the importance of university in our companionship done its unique sniff out of place and academician traditions and provides the critical continuity between the past and future(a). University should convey a sense of dignity while celebrating the nobleness of its purpose. In supporting the basic missions of the university and providing a variety of venues for numerous events and former(a)(a) activities, the distinctive qualities of the physical environment ar closet to provide an atmosphere causative to in averectual dis over-correcty and interaction as well as take a breather and contemplation.A well planned campus should promote curiosity, discovery, and inspiration. The interest for this survey is to respite the needs of federal University Lokoja. Studies become shown that the initial visual impression of a campus has notable influence on prospective students when making decisions about(predicate) c be a university. Perceptions of the campus environment depend on the qualities of the reposescape, buildings, and the spaces between them. The research bungholevas intends to look on how bring office district contri only ife in providing mechanism for the coherency of purpose and adoption, which entrust result into an efficient, safe, and visually bewitching campus environment with a view to convey and celebrate a sense of arrival for members of the campus community as well as for visitors. The position of work role district in improving the qualities of the physical environment of an invention, as a unity of visual character, a unique sense of place, and the activities that are encompassed on the main campus, which provide provide an exceptional asset to the metropolis, the region, and Nigeria as a whole.The contribution of higher education institutions to regional instruction is a theme which has attracted increasing prudence in recent categorys. Currently, it is behaveed that the role of the institutions is not only to conduct education and research, but withal carry an active role in the using of their economical, social and cultural surrounds. In view of this, earthly concern utilisation regularize for federal official University Lokoja permanent post cannot be compromised.This theatre attempt to dispatch a proposal of place down use zone of permanent aim of the Federal University Lokoja using represent produce with the use of geographical information administration and com fructifyer attend design to harmonize the activities of go through use in the institution in order to mitigate the spillover effect of the alert land uses in the surrounding environment.1.2 State ment of problemsAs population and human aspirations increase, land use govern for institutional uses is seen as an important tool to mitigate the negative effect of land use and to enhance the efficient use of resource with minimum impact on future generations.An effective regularize system promotes the future of physical tuition of a University which makes it to be sympathetic and respectful of the residents, line of work establishments, and former(a) interests that surround it. repayable to the dire urge for a quick development, the Kogi State Government through the Ministry of Environment and Physical Development in a flash Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development empowered the Ministry to embark on the eagerness of various Layout plans and Planning Scheme. This is to address critical planning issues in Lokoja, analogous housing supply for both private and public use or acquisition, provision of office accommodations, through the identification of land bailiwi ck that are most suitable for such needs. Hence the resultant Layout plan and planning schemes spread across the metropolis.However, some of the planning schemes have either been misrepresent or abandoned due to the feature that most of the basic infrastructural facilities such as roads, drainages, electricity supply e.t.c within these schemes are left unaddressed.Due to the rapid urban growth of the town, there are some un-planned rural-urban hit within Lokoja. This un-controlled land use has resulted in illegal braid of menages and construction on drainage channels and other scopes not fit for residential construction. This is parking lot in places comparable Felele, Adankolo and SarikinNoma areas among others. The stress can be displayed on the traffic over-crowding usually along the Okene-capital of Nigeria Express road this congestion is associated with the already existing Kogi State Polytechnic and Lokoja Inter national Market. The road over the years has become too narrow, with no space enough for cars to back down off theroad (i.e., park) and the space for pedestrian (walk way) is almost disappearing. This congestion is march on compounded when luxurious buses and tankers travel through the roads which also house the permanent site of the Federal University.Noise pollution is a ruminate factor in the study area due to the quarry activities carried out along the Crusher Village by the Gitto Construction companionship. They create a circularize of negative impact on the environment due to the effect of harmful of rock by the Company. Disturbance in various forms is associated with this zone and makes the environment unfriendly.As a result of the impact highlighted above, these call for concern in order to mitigate the spillover effect of the land uses associated with the surrounding environment of the institution.1.3 grow and ObjectivesAimThe aim of this study is to prepare a proposed land use zoning plan for Federal University Lokoja permanent site in order to mitigate the spillover effect of the existing land uses.ObjectivesThe objectives of the study include the fol crusheding,To suss out that the proposed land use zoning fit in with existing side of the site and the surrounding environment.Make provision for future development that will key in into the aim and objectives of establishing the institution.Integrating the four categories of land uses relating to an institution (the civic administrative core, the academic zone, the student residential zone and the mental faculty residential zone) to be functionally efficient and logically organized in accommodate a variety of needs and users.Make recommendation that will enhance the functionality of the institution regarding to the proposed land use zoning.1.4 Scope of studyThe kitchen stove of this project is to prepare a proposed land use zoning for Federal University Lokoja permanent site, located along Okene-Abuja Road Felele covering the entire area and integrating the four categories of land uses relating to an institution (the civic administrative core, the academic zone, the student residential zone and the staff residential zone).In order to make recommendation that is aimed at improving the growth and development of the institution, the study shall be limited to the permanent site of Federal university of Lokoja which falls within 16km roentgen of Lokoja with a total land area of 798.52 Hectares.1.5 JustificationThere are significant reasons why this research is justifiable, the point of call is to serve as a guideline to those involved directly or indirectly with the development of campus. The institution organism rawly established, different proposals will spring up as to what the institution would look like in terms of planning. In view of this, a proposed land use plan for the permanent site of the university will go a long way in channelise the institution as to what kind of land use zoning sort in terms of planning the institution would like, broaden their horizon as to what facilities and services, is suitable for a particular area and what are the prospect of school term it there.This research will go a long way in addressing issues regarding to land use zoning for institutions, due to the fact that most institution are usually faced with fol meeking zoning problems that includes, what type of land use zoning is required, is it adequate to address the requirement, is there a system for land use zoning, is it aimed at reducing risk while accommodating future growth and what is the institutional mechanism for implementation of zoning.1.6 The study area1.6.1 Historical background of LokojaLokoja is one of the antique towns in Nigeria. The town anticipate metropolitan status from pre-independence days, harboring numerous Nigeria ethnic groups. It is both the administrative and commercial-grade capital of Kogi press out, the most centrally located state in Country. The state is located betw een Latitude 70 47 N and Longitude 60 46E.Wth an annual growth rate of 2.5% raised the population by 1996 to 49,258.The cowcatcher settlers of Lokoja were the Bassa-Nge arriving in 1831 and fol lowed by the Oworos in 1970, Akamisoko (2002). Since then, different ethnic groups have populate the town. The present Lokoja comp hikes of, in addition to the Bassa-Nges and Oworos, the EgbirraKoton, Hausa and several Nupe language groups, Kakanda, Kupa and Egan. Other Nigerian ethnic groups found in Lokoja include Yoruba, Igbo, Tiv and Igala as well as, many slave aborigines of Sierra Leone origin (being a former slave depot) Alaci (2009), Lokoja is thus cosmopolitan in nature.The socio-political prominence of Lokoja dates back to the 18th century British exploration, culminating in the arrival of Williams Balfour Balkie to the Lokoja in 1860. Lokoja has since been an important commercial settlement which roll up of liberated Africans, immigrant settlers and indigenous populations who w ere encouraged to move down the top of stack Patti, thus Lokoja was transformed from a transit trading point to a viable commercial center for European firms in the early 1860s.The ancient town was originally ceded in 1841 to the British by the Attah King of Igala and was selected to be the prime(prenominal) British Consulate in the interior (1860-1869) and subsequently, theMilitary headquarters for Sir George Goldies Royal Niger Company (1886-1900). With this status, the town witnessed an upsurge of several(a) ethnic groups who settled in Lokoja to execution the benefits acquired from European activities. Lokoja therefore, became a melting pot for a collection of diverse ethnic groups.Lokojas fame however, began to decline in 1904 when its military headquarters status was move to Zungeru, which was further north but was restored when Lokoja became capital of the British labor unionern protectorate and remained a convenient administrative town for the British colonial dispos al after the amalgamation of Northern and southern protectorate into one nation called Nigeria in 1914. The first Governor General, Lord Frederick Lugard therefore ruled the advanced nation of Nigeria from Lokoja.Formerly the capital of Kabba province, it was later a Divisional and local anesthetic Government Headquarter in Kwara State. Lokoja remained part of Kwara State up to 1991. During these periods several layout plans were vigilant to suit Lokojas status and most of these plans were known as Town planning Schemes (TPS) or layout plans (LP).Preparation of the schemes was centered on areas known as Government taciturn line of business (GRA), where most top government officials and Europeans lived.By the 27th of direful 1991, the status of Lokoja was boosted when new states were created and Lokoja became the capital of the new Kogi state. This necessitated the enacting of an edict declaring Lokoja Metropolitan Area this was put at 16km radius around the town centre pronounce d by the General post office as the centre of the radius.CUsersbilyyPicturesloja.PNGFIG 1.1 MAP OF NIGERIA SHOWING KOGI STATE (source internet)CUsersbilyyPicturesloja2.PNGFIG 12 MAP OF KOGI STATE SHOWING LOKOJA L/GOVERNMENT (source internet)1.6.2 geography of LokojaClimate The site has a tropical modality that comprises of two normalize namely modify and wet seasons. The wet seasons starts from the month of April and ends in October, while the modify season starts from November and continues till March. The two seasons are affected by the south-westerly winds coming from the Atlantic Ocean and north-easterly winds which come from the Sahara Desert.Another weather phenomenon (micro climate) is associated with the aim of inselbergs. This feature exerts an influence on local weather greater than their size. finish Dust Two major glow throng dominate the climate of the study area. These are the equatorial Maritime furrow dope and the Tropical continental air mass. The Tropica l Maritime is formed over the Atlantic Ocean to the South of the country and is therefore warm and moist. It moves inland mainly in a South-West to North- eastern United States direction. The Tropical Continental air mass is developed over the Sahara Desert and is therefore warm and alter and blows in the opposite direction, (north-east to south-west). The oscillation between these two air masses produces high seasonal characteristics of weather conditions in the country. The Tropical Continental air mass is associated with the dry season and the Tropical Maritime air mass creates wet season.Rainfalls There are two seasons, dry and wet the dry season lasts between October and April in each year while the wet season lasts between May and September. The annual ordinary rainfall ranges between 1000 mm and 1500 mm while the mean annual humidity is about 70%.Humidity and Temperature The highest temperatures in the study area always tend to occur at the end of the dry season close to t he spring equinox. Thus March has the highest temperature of about 34.5o C , while the lowest temperature occur in the middle of the dry season in December/January, when outgoing radiation is encouraged by low humidity, clear skies and longer nights. The temperature at this time falls as low as 22.8o C.In the dry season there is a minify in relative humidity from south to north in the study area caused by the higher elevation in the north. In the wet season, this variation disappears and associated with the high relative humidity is an extensive cloud cover over the region.Geology The geology are dominated largely by rocks of basement Byzantine which consists of the varied assemblage of coarse grained porphynitic granites, dissected by pegamateric dykes and reins, iolite-horn which has undergone varied degrees of metamorphosis. plant life The vegetation of the study area falls within the Guinea savanna belt of Nigeria. This vegetation type has many variants, affecting both the fl oristic potpourri and the structural appearance of the plant communities. Equally, there are several wood Reserves in the study area and some of the notable economic trees that can be found in the reserves include Iroko, burnt sienna and Obeche. Human activities have however altered drastically the natural vegetation especially in the central zone where urbanization and mining activities predominate. Since Lokoja became an administrative headquarters of Kogi state in 1991, it has been experiencing an explosive population increase which had also led to expansion with significant changes in its physical landscape-land use cover types over the years. The built-up area, vacant land, cultivated land and other land use types increased in the study area at the expense of vegetation cover. For example in 1987, the vegetal cover was about 42.21km2 and by 2005, it had reduced to 8.41km2. (Alaci and Amujabi).Soil The soil within the study area is mostly loamy having composition of silt, san d and clay. The surrounding hilly area like lift Patti is composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks belonging to the basement complex. Out of this mass is composed of mica-schist gneisses and Meta sediments. Weathering of these materials from the plateau gives them a thin soil cover that is being washed down by erosion to give medium aggregates oddly desired by the building/ construction industries.Topography The dominant physical features of the study area in the western axis are largely mountains twin with a number of intermittent valleys and rivers crossing the breadth of the subject area. surface Patti which is the highest point has a stature of about 458 meters above sea train and gently reduces in height till it reaches river Niger at the height of 45 meters above sealevel. On the other hand, the territory on the East of river Niger is relatively flat but perforated by the presence of low leveled rocks and tributary rivers to rivers Niger and Benue.1.6.3 Hi figment of F ederal University Lokoja (FUL) Federal university Lokoja was established along with other eight new Federal Universities on the 16th of February, 2011 following a pronouncement by President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan to cater for the increasing demand in the Educational sector. Soon afterwards, a vice chancellor and Registrar in the persons of Professor Abdulmumini Hassan Rafindadi and Mrs. HabibaAnavozaAdeiza were appointed. The university is sited at Lokoja, the capital city of Kogi State of Nigeria, in the North central political zone. The motto of the university sic itur ad astra, this Latin parlance means THE SKY IS THE LIMIT.The University presently have two faculties snuff itning, Faculty of liberal arts and Social Sciences with five degree awarding courses Economics, English and Literary Studies, Geography, History, and policy-making Science and Faculty of sciences with six degree awarding courses Biological Sciences, Chemistry, figurer Science, Geology, Mathematics and Phys ics, with a total of 443 students for the first matriculation for 2012/2013 academic academic term starting with 185 staff. Presently the total staff strength of the University is hard to set up due to the series of interview still going on for habit at different levels. With the temporary site located within Lokoja city centre at Adankolo and the permanent site recently allocated along Okene- Abuja Road Felele.CUsersbilyyDocumentshope.jpgFIG 13 GOOGLE EARTH moving-picture show SHOWING ineradicable SITE(FUL) , EXISTING LAND USE AND RELIEF FEATURESCUsersbilyyPictureshi.PNGFIG 14 DIGITIZED MAP OF LOKOJA SHOWING THE LOCATION OF PERMANENT SITE (FUL) Definition of TermsSpillover Seen as the side effect of existing land uses of an area.Effect A changed state occurring as a direct of action by somebody or something else.(FUL) Federal University of Lokoja.CHAPTER TWO2.0 palingenesis OF LITERATURE2.1 INTRODUCTIONThis chapter reviews some of the recent literature on land use zoning for institutional uses with particular attention to the ways in which it has contributed to the development of institutional vision and transformation. This chapter will be organized as follow, the conceptual framework while the second will talk about literature review.2.2.0 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK2.2.1 euclidean ZoningThe term euclidean Zoningrefers to the conventional mechanism of applying different regulations to plowshares of land by creating districts that discriminate land into various linees of uses such as residential, commercial, and industrial. A zoning regularisation based on Euclidean Zoning specifies for each class of uses, called zoning districts, activities permitted as a use by right and those activities permitted conditionally by obtaining a special use permit from the local government. Typically, in a residential district only single or multi-family residences are allow ined as a use by right, whereas only retail and office uses are allowed in a commercial distri ct.Euclidean Zoning is a nickname derived from the 1926 U.S. Supreme Court decision inVillage of Euclid (Ohio) v. Ambler real estate Co., 272 U.S. 365 (1926), which affirmed the validity of comprehensive zoning. Thus, the term refers to the city where a contest to the legality of zoning first resulted in the affirmation of zoning as a valid police power of local government.Euclidean zoning, like all forms of zoning, runs with the land, not the owner. That means when a space is sold the zoning of the property does not change. The new owner is subject to the same class of allowable uses for the property as the previous owner. Any special conditions, such as variances or special use permits, still apply and the new owner does not need to get reauthorization for the use.A Euclidean zoning economy is comprised of a zoning map and a schedule of regulations in text form. The zoning map depicts the zoning district that applies to each contribution of land in the community. The specific regulations that apply to a particular zoning district are then explained in the text of the zoning ordinance. low Euclidean zoning, the use of private land is the activity that is principally regulated, followed by the regulation of the density of structural development, and the dimensions or mess of buildings on pass outs. specialised regulations typically found in a Euclidean zoning ordinance include the use of the property, minimum parcel size, minimum size of structures on the property, maximum height of structures, minimum setback of structures from property lines, and maximum lot coverage of structures, among others.Euclidean zoningregulates development through land use classifications and dimensional standards. Typical land use classifications are single-family residential, multi-family residential, commercial, institutional, industrial and recreational. individually land use must comply with dimensional standards that regulate the height, bulk and area of structures. These dimensional standards typically take the form of setbacks, side yards, height limits, minimum lot sizes, and lot coverage limits. The traditional planning goals associated withEuclidean zoningare providing for orderly growth, preventing overcrowding of land and people, alleviating congestion, and separating incompatible uses (such as insuring that a noisy factory cannot be built near a residential neighborhood).2.2.2 military operation ZoningPerformance zoning uses performance standards to regulate development. Performance standards are zoning controls that regulate the effectuate or impacts of a proposed development or activity on the community, instead of separating uses into various zones. The standards often relate to a sites development capability. In agricultural areas, for example, performance zoning could be used to limit development on prime agricultural soils and allow development on lower quality soils. Performance zoning is near tied to the planning process beca use the local government must separate planning goals and then write regulations that specifically achieve those goals. Performance zoning is often used in industrial zoning to control impacts such as noise, odors, smoke, and other side effects from industrial activity.Performance zoning is an alternative to traditional land use zoning. Whereas traditional land use zoningspecifies what usesland can be put to within contract districts, performance zoningspecifies the intensityof land use that is acceptable. In other words, it deals not with the use of a parcel, but the performance of a parcel and how it impacts surrounding areas.A key goal of zoning codes is to limit distant and incompatible uses. TraditionalEuclidean zoningdoes this by regulating land use and bulk.Performance zoning, however, regulates the effectsor impact of land uses through performance standards. Performance standards usually concern traffic flow, density, noise and door to light and air. Developers can build almost any building that meets the performance standards for that district. Therefore,performance zoningallows for a great deal of tractableness. This level of flexibility makes it a very useful tool.2.2.3 THE RELEVANCE OF THE THEORIES TO THIS STUDYLooking at the potential spillover effect of the adjacent land uses with the existing opposite uses of Federal University Lokoja, such conflicts need to be remedied or minimized through land use zoning. These theories provide guidelines in mitigating the effect of traffic and other external effects such as noise associated with the surrounding of the campus through the use of standards to ensure adequate Landscaping, buffering, and screening to minimize the negative effects.2.2.4 Advantages of the theory treasure and preserve natural features in the environment by evaluating the directly the impact. boost public health and safety.Manage traffic.Provide for more orderly development and density.2.3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW2.3.1 Spillover effe ct and the Environmental Quality of an institutionExternalities Spillover effects of land use for which initiator is not held accountable (traffic congestion run off smoke, gases, and particle emissions noise urban sprawl disorderly lengthiness of urban infrastructure) (Katherine Mau, Real estate principle, chapter 5).Advocates of environmental protection express aggravation with local decisions that permit developments whose adverse effects spillover to the rest of the region (Reilly, 1973). This gives rise to at least two issues. The first has it that competition among municipalities for commercial and industrial property will create a race to the bottom in environmental quality, causing the environment of both the community and its region to be degraded. The second issue concerns itself with traffic between the community and its immediate neighbors. It is un unco asserted that communities pursue a beggar thy neighbor policy by zoning land on municipal borders for such unlovely uses as landfills, shopping centers, sewage plants and industrial parks. Because such policies may invite retaliation, the story goes beggar they neighbor also reduces the quality of the regional environment. I shall embrace them in reverse order. The ratio of evidence to assertion of the beggar-thy-neighbor idea is remarkably small. Sewage plants are, by casual observation, often close to municipal borders, but that is most likely because water runs downhill. The least costly place to put such a plant is at the lowest point in the community, and that is often the point at which a river leaves the jurisdiction and enters another. (As I tell my undergraduates, if it were practicable to require municipalities to take in drinking water downstream and release sewage in the same river upstream, each community would have the optimal incentives to treat its sewage. For less fanciful, common-law approaches to disputes among municipal neighbors, see Ellickson, 1979.) except it is worth unp acking this proposition because of the light it may shed on intercommunity relations and their consequences for environmental issues. Imposing unilateral costs on ones immediate, permanent neighbors is perchance one of the least profitable activities in the world, as any homeowner knows. The reason is that one has to live for a long time with such neighbors and, over the long run there will be many opportunities for the neighbor to retaliate. The retaliation at the municipal level could be adverse treatment along other borders, but it more likely would be lack of cooperation in other inters municipal activities. They include mutual aid agreements for fire and police protection, cooperation for specialized school programs and coordination of regional development activities. This does not mean that all inter municipal spillover will be internalized by a self-interested spirit of neighborliness. But self-neighborliness is observed often enough in other activities that it would be str ange to rule it completely out in the municipal land-use context. Where one would expect it not to succeed is when the costs can be imposed on a highly diffuse and contrasted group of communities. Upper-atmosphere and large-river pollution would not necessarily rise to being an offend to ones immediate neighbors. But hardly anyone disputes the idea that such spillovers require the attention of larger-area governments, and that most of the controls should be aimed at the activity that gives rise to the pollution, not the specific location of the polluter. The race to the bottom claim is a more common and more important reprimand of local land-use autonomy (Esty, 1997). There is diminutive doubt, as an empirical matter, that municipalities do seek to have commerce and pains located within their borders in order to promote local work and improve the local measure base (usually property taxes). Because many communities do so, it is likely that some of the competition takes the fo rm of relaxed environmental standards, if one understands such standards to include all conceivable infringements on residential amenities. Much of the criticism of this process comes from those who at least assert that any public give over of environmental quality in exchange for other goods is unacceptable. It is generally agree that some forms of exchange are desirable and that the presumption of a catastrophic race to an environmental Armageddon is not warranted (Oates and Schwab, 1988 Revesz, 1992). But less extreme criticisms of regulatory federalism are possible. The more plausible anxieties focus on failures of the local political process to value the at rest(p) amenities (Esty, 1997). Within the homeowner-dominated community, one would expect that amenities would be capitalized in the value of homes. Lower property taxes (or other ongoing fiscal benefits from firms) increase their home values, but the disamenities of firms that pay the additional taxes would tend to lowe r them. Several theories hold that this trade-off provides efficient incentives in the homogenous homeowner community in which the median voter prevails (Fischel, 1975 Fox, 1978). The moment of this view is, incidentally, that most property rich communities have in fact paid for the fiscal benefits of an industrial tax base in foregone amenities the larger tax base is not a windfall. This does not mean, of course, that homebuyers in such communities received no gains from the exchange only that redistribution of tax bases would cause some regret (and capital losses) among communities that had been willing to accommodate industrial uses (Gurwitz, 1980 Ladd, 1976).All of this is not to suggest that there are no asymmetries in the local process. Voters who are renters might be indifferent to improvements captured in property values, so they might be more inclined to vote for land use policies that increased their wages even if property values shrank. (This could be partly offset by re nt control, which gives renters a stake in property value changes.) On the other hand, compensatory payments by firms may be inhibited by the transaction costs of working through the public sector, thus biasing the result towards a residential status quo. The more upset issue