The Term Media Convergence Media Essay

The Term Media Convergence Media EssayWhat is meant by the border media crossing with regard to technology, and how has it hazarded every solar day life?Media convergence brings technologies such as a computing, and communication, to contributeher, which is very important in businesses today. This reach, makes the everyday lives of individuals easier since they now sop up much easier access to information on the things or products that they want and need. The unite of these contrastive technologies, allows a longer more(prenominal) intuitive reach of businesses among its markets. several(prenominal) industry leaders see media convergence as marking the let go of the old media of print and broadcasting. Then the rise of the new media this is what makes the orb go around, now and days. We depend on way to much technology in todays society that if integrity major thing broke, we would surely be hurting. Media convergence has affected everyday life by making intelligence info rmation easier to access. Instead of needing to watch TV or read a powder store to learn the days events, you can now go to the TV displace website and get headlines in real clock time. Media convergence is non just a shift or a process it also includes shifts within the industrial and social aspects, which encourage the consumer to seek out information. Convergence is how individual consumers act with each other on a level and use divers(prenominal) media platforms to effect new and better experiences, new forms of media that connect us socially, and not just to other consumers, but to the remove more producers of media in shipway that flummox not been as accessible in the past.What is meant by the term media convergence with regard to business, and how has it affected everyday life?Media convergence path that the lines are getting blurred in the midst of the traditional forms of media and they are roughly becoming one. A decade ago, in that location were clear differ ences between different print media, TV, the lucre in general. Now look at things tidings papers and TV bemuse web sites. Those web sites deliver news show in almost real time complete with moving flick and feeds formatted for smart phones. Movies are now available streaming on the internet TV shows are now available streaming on the internet. viewing audience can participate in TV shows in real time via social media. Things are all converging into one big plenteousness media. The electricity of the gadgets affects your focus, and it would let you sleep tight. The media convergence is something that the suppliers should offer cheap and not expensive to swindle the in the public eye(predicate). Faster speed would not give you swift delivery to your clients. Long calls are not mindful, stay tuned all day to the TV, wont give you better relationships, instead, you will become obese, lazy and full of debts , buying all the stuff of the advertising. These are just some ways th at media convergence could affect in todays society. I am sure there are other ways of explaining this, but I find it a hard question to answer all the way around considering cosmos in a business model environment is something I have yet to be in, so far.What are some of the issues that result from colony on modern media? Describe at least three issues. high level of inaccuracies seems to be a major fault in the media today. This is where we get falsified information and we tend to grasp a hold to that information as if it were the truth. According to various different studies, a large percentage of the public find error in the news stories of their daily news stories. This happens more than once in a week, while more see spell out mistakes, more often than usual. Also another large percentage of individuals, have found to become wearier of their local news and news papers. Poor reportage of important issues is another factor that plays a role in how media is touch on us negativ ely in the world. Our main focus should be the environment, economy, the government, education, etcetera But the media tends to stray away from a lot of the bang-up in this and just report the bad. I am guessing the bad is what is good for ratings? It seems that the major news and magazines have declined, while entertainment and actors/actresses have doubled. The media tends to have a short attention span as well. Seems now and days, in our society, the news media are more focused on news that isnt as important to their viewers. And they seem to ignore serious problems for a long head of time, and then they finally notice. Once they notice they try to get a solution to resolve the issue, and it is not easily fixed, and once again it gets ignored.How does media literacy stand by with responsible media consumption?Media Literacy A definition and framework for media literacy comes from Wikipedia. Powerful Voices for Kids pass Media Literacy Program Media literacy is the process o f accessing, analyzing, evaluating and creating messages in a wide variety of forms. It uses an inquiry-based instructional model that encourages people to ask questions about what they watch, see and read. Media literacy education is one means of developing media literacy. It provides tools to help people critically analyze messages to expose propaganda, censorship, and bias in news and public affairs programming (and the reasons for such), and to encounter how structural features such as media ownership, or its funding model affect the information presented. Media literacy aims to enable people to be skillful creators and producers of media messages, both to assist an understanding as to the strengths and limitations of each medium, as well as to create independent media. Media literacy is an expanded conceptualization of literacy. By understanding the process of media consumption into an combat-ready and critical process, people gain greater awareness of the potential for illusion and manipulation (especially through commercials and public relations techniques), and understand the role of potty media and participatory media in constructing views of reality. Media literacy educators strive to address a balance between protection and empowerment. Protectionist approaches to media literacy emphasize the need to be aware of the negative aspects of draw media and popular culture, including the dangers and risks of online social media. Empowerment approaches emphasize building media awareness, promoting critical digest of media texts, tools and technologies, and using image, language, sound and digital media for self-expression, communication and social advocacy. Media literacy educators have uncomplete utopian nor dystopian views about the potential of digital and social media to transform K-12 education. They emphasize the both value of analyzing media texts, tools and technologies and the practice of composing using multimedia system forms, genres and technologies.

Historical Background Of Lokoja Environmental Sciences Essay

Historical Background Of Lokoja Environmental Sciences EssayIf a legal substructure has life, it is delivered when an urge for overt discipline begins to oertake events SALVATORE .J.NATOLI. Zoning was born pop step forward of much(prenominal) a concern for the unplanned and undisciplined growth of cities, allege has become almost as ubiquitous as cities themselves.Over time, and by past prudent grime readying decisions, thats the topographic organization of the campus has influenced the localization principle of various campus functions. Though the sectors atomic number 18 inter rivald, each has unique characteristics and special prep atomic number 18dness priorities. A successful university campus embraces the physical context in which it resides, understands the various forces that consideration its edges and mould its core, and incorporates community representation and constituencies into its cooking processes. Land function regularize for existences has been seen in the past to foster successful interactions with all who character it and concurrently convey unity in its visual appearance with a scent out of adventure and dis filmdomy. University should be cohesive in its organization turn remain open and inviting at its perimeter. By order, the milieu communicates the importance of university in our companionship done its unique sniff out of place and academician traditions and provides the critical continuity between the past and future(a). University should convey a sense of dignity while celebrating the nobleness of its purpose. In supporting the basic missions of the university and providing a variety of venues for numerous events and former(a)(a) activities, the distinctive qualities of the physical environment ar closet to provide an atmosphere causative to in averectual dis over-correcty and interaction as well as take a breather and contemplation.A well planned campus should promote curiosity, discovery, and inspiration. The interest for this survey is to respite the needs of federal University Lokoja. Studies become shown that the initial visual impression of a campus has notable influence on prospective students when making decisions about(predicate) c be a university. Perceptions of the campus environment depend on the qualities of the reposescape, buildings, and the spaces between them. The research bungholevas intends to look on how bring office district contri only ife in providing mechanism for the coherency of purpose and adoption, which entrust result into an efficient, safe, and visually bewitching campus environment with a view to convey and celebrate a sense of arrival for members of the campus community as well as for visitors. The position of work role district in improving the qualities of the physical environment of an invention, as a unity of visual character, a unique sense of place, and the activities that are encompassed on the main campus, which provide provide an exceptional asset to the metropolis, the region, and Nigeria as a whole.The contribution of higher education institutions to regional instruction is a theme which has attracted increasing prudence in recent categorys. Currently, it is behaveed that the role of the institutions is not only to conduct education and research, but withal carry an active role in the using of their economical, social and cultural surrounds. In view of this, earthly concern utilisation regularize for federal official University Lokoja permanent post cannot be compromised.This theatre attempt to dispatch a proposal of place down use zone of permanent aim of the Federal University Lokoja using represent produce with the use of geographical information administration and com fructifyer attend design to harmonize the activities of go through use in the institution in order to mitigate the spillover effect of the alert land uses in the surrounding environment.1.2 State ment of problemsAs population and human aspirations increase, land use govern for institutional uses is seen as an important tool to mitigate the negative effect of land use and to enhance the efficient use of resource with minimum impact on future generations.An effective regularize system promotes the future of physical tuition of a University which makes it to be sympathetic and respectful of the residents, line of work establishments, and former(a) interests that surround it. repayable to the dire urge for a quick development, the Kogi State Government through the Ministry of Environment and Physical Development in a flash Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development empowered the Ministry to embark on the eagerness of various Layout plans and Planning Scheme. This is to address critical planning issues in Lokoja, analogous housing supply for both private and public use or acquisition, provision of office accommodations, through the identification of land bailiwi ck that are most suitable for such needs. Hence the resultant Layout plan and planning schemes spread across the metropolis.However, some of the planning schemes have either been misrepresent or abandoned due to the feature that most of the basic infrastructural facilities such as roads, drainages, electricity supply e.t.c within these schemes are left unaddressed.Due to the rapid urban growth of the town, there are some un-planned rural-urban hit within Lokoja. This un-controlled land use has resulted in illegal braid of menages and construction on drainage channels and other scopes not fit for residential construction. This is parking lot in places comparable Felele, Adankolo and SarikinNoma areas among others. The stress can be displayed on the traffic over-crowding usually along the Okene-capital of Nigeria Express road this congestion is associated with the already existing Kogi State Polytechnic and Lokoja Inter national Market. The road over the years has become too narrow, with no space enough for cars to back down off theroad (i.e., park) and the space for pedestrian (walk way) is almost disappearing. This congestion is march on compounded when luxurious buses and tankers travel through the roads which also house the permanent site of the Federal University.Noise pollution is a ruminate factor in the study area due to the quarry activities carried out along the Crusher Village by the Gitto Construction companionship. They create a circularize of negative impact on the environment due to the effect of harmful of rock by the Company. Disturbance in various forms is associated with this zone and makes the environment unfriendly.As a result of the impact highlighted above, these call for concern in order to mitigate the spillover effect of the land uses associated with the surrounding environment of the institution.1.3 grow and ObjectivesAimThe aim of this study is to prepare a proposed land use zoning plan for Federal University Lokoja permanent site in order to mitigate the spillover effect of the existing land uses.ObjectivesThe objectives of the study include the fol crusheding,To suss out that the proposed land use zoning fit in with existing side of the site and the surrounding environment.Make provision for future development that will key in into the aim and objectives of establishing the institution.Integrating the four categories of land uses relating to an institution (the civic administrative core, the academic zone, the student residential zone and the mental faculty residential zone) to be functionally efficient and logically organized in accommodate a variety of needs and users.Make recommendation that will enhance the functionality of the institution regarding to the proposed land use zoning.1.4 Scope of studyThe kitchen stove of this project is to prepare a proposed land use zoning for Federal University Lokoja permanent site, located along Okene-Abuja Road Felele covering the entire area and integrating the four categories of land uses relating to an institution (the civic administrative core, the academic zone, the student residential zone and the staff residential zone).In order to make recommendation that is aimed at improving the growth and development of the institution, the study shall be limited to the permanent site of Federal university of Lokoja which falls within 16km roentgen of Lokoja with a total land area of 798.52 Hectares.1.5 JustificationThere are significant reasons why this research is justifiable, the point of call is to serve as a guideline to those involved directly or indirectly with the development of campus. The institution organism rawly established, different proposals will spring up as to what the institution would look like in terms of planning. In view of this, a proposed land use plan for the permanent site of the university will go a long way in channelise the institution as to what kind of land use zoning sort in terms of planning the institution would like, broaden their horizon as to what facilities and services, is suitable for a particular area and what are the prospect of school term it there.This research will go a long way in addressing issues regarding to land use zoning for institutions, due to the fact that most institution are usually faced with fol meeking zoning problems that includes, what type of land use zoning is required, is it adequate to address the requirement, is there a system for land use zoning, is it aimed at reducing risk while accommodating future growth and what is the institutional mechanism for implementation of zoning.1.6 The study area1.6.1 Historical background of LokojaLokoja is one of the antique towns in Nigeria. The town anticipate metropolitan status from pre-independence days, harboring numerous Nigeria ethnic groups. It is both the administrative and commercial-grade capital of Kogi press out, the most centrally located state in Country. The state is located betw een Latitude 70 47 N and Longitude 60 46E.Wth an annual growth rate of 2.5% raised the population by 1996 to 49,258.The cowcatcher settlers of Lokoja were the Bassa-Nge arriving in 1831 and fol lowed by the Oworos in 1970, Akamisoko (2002). Since then, different ethnic groups have populate the town. The present Lokoja comp hikes of, in addition to the Bassa-Nges and Oworos, the EgbirraKoton, Hausa and several Nupe language groups, Kakanda, Kupa and Egan. Other Nigerian ethnic groups found in Lokoja include Yoruba, Igbo, Tiv and Igala as well as, many slave aborigines of Sierra Leone origin (being a former slave depot) Alaci (2009), Lokoja is thus cosmopolitan in nature.The socio-political prominence of Lokoja dates back to the 18th century British exploration, culminating in the arrival of Williams Balfour Balkie to the Lokoja in 1860. Lokoja has since been an important commercial settlement which roll up of liberated Africans, immigrant settlers and indigenous populations who w ere encouraged to move down the top of stack Patti, thus Lokoja was transformed from a transit trading point to a viable commercial center for European firms in the early 1860s.The ancient town was originally ceded in 1841 to the British by the Attah King of Igala and was selected to be the prime(prenominal) British Consulate in the interior (1860-1869) and subsequently, theMilitary headquarters for Sir George Goldies Royal Niger Company (1886-1900). With this status, the town witnessed an upsurge of several(a) ethnic groups who settled in Lokoja to execution the benefits acquired from European activities. Lokoja therefore, became a melting pot for a collection of diverse ethnic groups.Lokojas fame however, began to decline in 1904 when its military headquarters status was move to Zungeru, which was further north but was restored when Lokoja became capital of the British labor unionern protectorate and remained a convenient administrative town for the British colonial dispos al after the amalgamation of Northern and southern protectorate into one nation called Nigeria in 1914. The first Governor General, Lord Frederick Lugard therefore ruled the advanced nation of Nigeria from Lokoja.Formerly the capital of Kabba province, it was later a Divisional and local anesthetic Government Headquarter in Kwara State. Lokoja remained part of Kwara State up to 1991. During these periods several layout plans were vigilant to suit Lokojas status and most of these plans were known as Town planning Schemes (TPS) or layout plans (LP).Preparation of the schemes was centered on areas known as Government taciturn line of business (GRA), where most top government officials and Europeans lived.By the 27th of direful 1991, the status of Lokoja was boosted when new states were created and Lokoja became the capital of the new Kogi state. This necessitated the enacting of an edict declaring Lokoja Metropolitan Area this was put at 16km radius around the town centre pronounce d by the General post office as the centre of the radius.CUsersbilyyPicturesloja.PNGFIG 1.1 MAP OF NIGERIA SHOWING KOGI STATE (source internet)CUsersbilyyPicturesloja2.PNGFIG 12 MAP OF KOGI STATE SHOWING LOKOJA L/GOVERNMENT (source internet)1.6.2 geography of LokojaClimate The site has a tropical modality that comprises of two normalize namely modify and wet seasons. The wet seasons starts from the month of April and ends in October, while the modify season starts from November and continues till March. The two seasons are affected by the south-westerly winds coming from the Atlantic Ocean and north-easterly winds which come from the Sahara Desert.Another weather phenomenon (micro climate) is associated with the aim of inselbergs. This feature exerts an influence on local weather greater than their size. finish Dust Two major glow throng dominate the climate of the study area. These are the equatorial Maritime furrow dope and the Tropical continental air mass. The Tropica l Maritime is formed over the Atlantic Ocean to the South of the country and is therefore warm and moist. It moves inland mainly in a South-West to North- eastern United States direction. The Tropical Continental air mass is developed over the Sahara Desert and is therefore warm and alter and blows in the opposite direction, (north-east to south-west). The oscillation between these two air masses produces high seasonal characteristics of weather conditions in the country. The Tropical Continental air mass is associated with the dry season and the Tropical Maritime air mass creates wet season.Rainfalls There are two seasons, dry and wet the dry season lasts between October and April in each year while the wet season lasts between May and September. The annual ordinary rainfall ranges between 1000 mm and 1500 mm while the mean annual humidity is about 70%.Humidity and Temperature The highest temperatures in the study area always tend to occur at the end of the dry season close to t he spring equinox. Thus March has the highest temperature of about 34.5o C , while the lowest temperature occur in the middle of the dry season in December/January, when outgoing radiation is encouraged by low humidity, clear skies and longer nights. The temperature at this time falls as low as 22.8o C.In the dry season there is a minify in relative humidity from south to north in the study area caused by the higher elevation in the north. In the wet season, this variation disappears and associated with the high relative humidity is an extensive cloud cover over the region.Geology The geology are dominated largely by rocks of basement Byzantine which consists of the varied assemblage of coarse grained porphynitic granites, dissected by pegamateric dykes and reins, iolite-horn which has undergone varied degrees of metamorphosis. plant life The vegetation of the study area falls within the Guinea savanna belt of Nigeria. This vegetation type has many variants, affecting both the fl oristic potpourri and the structural appearance of the plant communities. Equally, there are several wood Reserves in the study area and some of the notable economic trees that can be found in the reserves include Iroko, burnt sienna and Obeche. Human activities have however altered drastically the natural vegetation especially in the central zone where urbanization and mining activities predominate. Since Lokoja became an administrative headquarters of Kogi state in 1991, it has been experiencing an explosive population increase which had also led to expansion with significant changes in its physical landscape-land use cover types over the years. The built-up area, vacant land, cultivated land and other land use types increased in the study area at the expense of vegetation cover. For example in 1987, the vegetal cover was about 42.21km2 and by 2005, it had reduced to 8.41km2. (Alaci and Amujabi).Soil The soil within the study area is mostly loamy having composition of silt, san d and clay. The surrounding hilly area like lift Patti is composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks belonging to the basement complex. Out of this mass is composed of mica-schist gneisses and Meta sediments. Weathering of these materials from the plateau gives them a thin soil cover that is being washed down by erosion to give medium aggregates oddly desired by the building/ construction industries.Topography The dominant physical features of the study area in the western axis are largely mountains twin with a number of intermittent valleys and rivers crossing the breadth of the subject area. surface Patti which is the highest point has a stature of about 458 meters above sea train and gently reduces in height till it reaches river Niger at the height of 45 meters above sealevel. On the other hand, the territory on the East of river Niger is relatively flat but perforated by the presence of low leveled rocks and tributary rivers to rivers Niger and Benue.1.6.3 Hi figment of F ederal University Lokoja (FUL) Federal university Lokoja was established along with other eight new Federal Universities on the 16th of February, 2011 following a pronouncement by President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan to cater for the increasing demand in the Educational sector. Soon afterwards, a vice chancellor and Registrar in the persons of Professor Abdulmumini Hassan Rafindadi and Mrs. HabibaAnavozaAdeiza were appointed. The university is sited at Lokoja, the capital city of Kogi State of Nigeria, in the North central political zone. The motto of the university sic itur ad astra, this Latin parlance means THE SKY IS THE LIMIT.The University presently have two faculties snuff itning, Faculty of liberal arts and Social Sciences with five degree awarding courses Economics, English and Literary Studies, Geography, History, and policy-making Science and Faculty of sciences with six degree awarding courses Biological Sciences, Chemistry, figurer Science, Geology, Mathematics and Phys ics, with a total of 443 students for the first matriculation for 2012/2013 academic academic term starting with 185 staff. Presently the total staff strength of the University is hard to set up due to the series of interview still going on for habit at different levels. With the temporary site located within Lokoja city centre at Adankolo and the permanent site recently allocated along Okene- Abuja Road Felele.CUsersbilyyDocumentshope.jpgFIG 13 GOOGLE EARTH moving-picture show SHOWING ineradicable SITE(FUL) , EXISTING LAND USE AND RELIEF FEATURESCUsersbilyyPictureshi.PNGFIG 14 DIGITIZED MAP OF LOKOJA SHOWING THE LOCATION OF PERMANENT SITE (FUL) Definition of TermsSpillover Seen as the side effect of existing land uses of an area.Effect A changed state occurring as a direct of action by somebody or something else.(FUL) Federal University of Lokoja.CHAPTER TWO2.0 palingenesis OF LITERATURE2.1 INTRODUCTIONThis chapter reviews some of the recent literature on land use zoning for institutional uses with particular attention to the ways in which it has contributed to the development of institutional vision and transformation. This chapter will be organized as follow, the conceptual framework while the second will talk about literature review.2.2.0 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK2.2.1 euclidean ZoningThe term euclidean Zoningrefers to the conventional mechanism of applying different regulations to plowshares of land by creating districts that discriminate land into various linees of uses such as residential, commercial, and industrial. A zoning regularisation based on Euclidean Zoning specifies for each class of uses, called zoning districts, activities permitted as a use by right and those activities permitted conditionally by obtaining a special use permit from the local government. Typically, in a residential district only single or multi-family residences are allow ined as a use by right, whereas only retail and office uses are allowed in a commercial distri ct.Euclidean Zoning is a nickname derived from the 1926 U.S. Supreme Court decision inVillage of Euclid (Ohio) v. Ambler real estate Co., 272 U.S. 365 (1926), which affirmed the validity of comprehensive zoning. Thus, the term refers to the city where a contest to the legality of zoning first resulted in the affirmation of zoning as a valid police power of local government.Euclidean zoning, like all forms of zoning, runs with the land, not the owner. That means when a space is sold the zoning of the property does not change. The new owner is subject to the same class of allowable uses for the property as the previous owner. Any special conditions, such as variances or special use permits, still apply and the new owner does not need to get reauthorization for the use.A Euclidean zoning economy is comprised of a zoning map and a schedule of regulations in text form. The zoning map depicts the zoning district that applies to each contribution of land in the community. The specific regulations that apply to a particular zoning district are then explained in the text of the zoning ordinance. low Euclidean zoning, the use of private land is the activity that is principally regulated, followed by the regulation of the density of structural development, and the dimensions or mess of buildings on pass outs. specialised regulations typically found in a Euclidean zoning ordinance include the use of the property, minimum parcel size, minimum size of structures on the property, maximum height of structures, minimum setback of structures from property lines, and maximum lot coverage of structures, among others.Euclidean zoningregulates development through land use classifications and dimensional standards. Typical land use classifications are single-family residential, multi-family residential, commercial, institutional, industrial and recreational. individually land use must comply with dimensional standards that regulate the height, bulk and area of structures. These dimensional standards typically take the form of setbacks, side yards, height limits, minimum lot sizes, and lot coverage limits. The traditional planning goals associated withEuclidean zoningare providing for orderly growth, preventing overcrowding of land and people, alleviating congestion, and separating incompatible uses (such as insuring that a noisy factory cannot be built near a residential neighborhood).2.2.2 military operation ZoningPerformance zoning uses performance standards to regulate development. Performance standards are zoning controls that regulate the effectuate or impacts of a proposed development or activity on the community, instead of separating uses into various zones. The standards often relate to a sites development capability. In agricultural areas, for example, performance zoning could be used to limit development on prime agricultural soils and allow development on lower quality soils. Performance zoning is near tied to the planning process beca use the local government must separate planning goals and then write regulations that specifically achieve those goals. Performance zoning is often used in industrial zoning to control impacts such as noise, odors, smoke, and other side effects from industrial activity.Performance zoning is an alternative to traditional land use zoning. Whereas traditional land use zoningspecifies what usesland can be put to within contract districts, performance zoningspecifies the intensityof land use that is acceptable. In other words, it deals not with the use of a parcel, but the performance of a parcel and how it impacts surrounding areas.A key goal of zoning codes is to limit distant and incompatible uses. TraditionalEuclidean zoningdoes this by regulating land use and bulk.Performance zoning, however, regulates the effectsor impact of land uses through performance standards. Performance standards usually concern traffic flow, density, noise and door to light and air. Developers can build almost any building that meets the performance standards for that district. Therefore,performance zoningallows for a great deal of tractableness. This level of flexibility makes it a very useful tool.2.2.3 THE RELEVANCE OF THE THEORIES TO THIS STUDYLooking at the potential spillover effect of the adjacent land uses with the existing opposite uses of Federal University Lokoja, such conflicts need to be remedied or minimized through land use zoning. These theories provide guidelines in mitigating the effect of traffic and other external effects such as noise associated with the surrounding of the campus through the use of standards to ensure adequate Landscaping, buffering, and screening to minimize the negative effects.2.2.4 Advantages of the theory treasure and preserve natural features in the environment by evaluating the directly the impact. boost public health and safety.Manage traffic.Provide for more orderly development and density.2.3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW2.3.1 Spillover effe ct and the Environmental Quality of an institutionExternalities Spillover effects of land use for which initiator is not held accountable (traffic congestion run off smoke, gases, and particle emissions noise urban sprawl disorderly lengthiness of urban infrastructure) (Katherine Mau, Real estate principle, chapter 5).Advocates of environmental protection express aggravation with local decisions that permit developments whose adverse effects spillover to the rest of the region (Reilly, 1973). This gives rise to at least two issues. The first has it that competition among municipalities for commercial and industrial property will create a race to the bottom in environmental quality, causing the environment of both the community and its region to be degraded. The second issue concerns itself with traffic between the community and its immediate neighbors. It is un unco asserted that communities pursue a beggar thy neighbor policy by zoning land on municipal borders for such unlovely uses as landfills, shopping centers, sewage plants and industrial parks. Because such policies may invite retaliation, the story goes beggar they neighbor also reduces the quality of the regional environment. I shall embrace them in reverse order. The ratio of evidence to assertion of the beggar-thy-neighbor idea is remarkably small. Sewage plants are, by casual observation, often close to municipal borders, but that is most likely because water runs downhill. The least costly place to put such a plant is at the lowest point in the community, and that is often the point at which a river leaves the jurisdiction and enters another. (As I tell my undergraduates, if it were practicable to require municipalities to take in drinking water downstream and release sewage in the same river upstream, each community would have the optimal incentives to treat its sewage. For less fanciful, common-law approaches to disputes among municipal neighbors, see Ellickson, 1979.) except it is worth unp acking this proposition because of the light it may shed on intercommunity relations and their consequences for environmental issues. Imposing unilateral costs on ones immediate, permanent neighbors is perchance one of the least profitable activities in the world, as any homeowner knows. The reason is that one has to live for a long time with such neighbors and, over the long run there will be many opportunities for the neighbor to retaliate. The retaliation at the municipal level could be adverse treatment along other borders, but it more likely would be lack of cooperation in other inters municipal activities. They include mutual aid agreements for fire and police protection, cooperation for specialized school programs and coordination of regional development activities. This does not mean that all inter municipal spillover will be internalized by a self-interested spirit of neighborliness. But self-neighborliness is observed often enough in other activities that it would be str ange to rule it completely out in the municipal land-use context. Where one would expect it not to succeed is when the costs can be imposed on a highly diffuse and contrasted group of communities. Upper-atmosphere and large-river pollution would not necessarily rise to being an offend to ones immediate neighbors. But hardly anyone disputes the idea that such spillovers require the attention of larger-area governments, and that most of the controls should be aimed at the activity that gives rise to the pollution, not the specific location of the polluter. The race to the bottom claim is a more common and more important reprimand of local land-use autonomy (Esty, 1997). There is diminutive doubt, as an empirical matter, that municipalities do seek to have commerce and pains located within their borders in order to promote local work and improve the local measure base (usually property taxes). Because many communities do so, it is likely that some of the competition takes the fo rm of relaxed environmental standards, if one understands such standards to include all conceivable infringements on residential amenities. Much of the criticism of this process comes from those who at least assert that any public give over of environmental quality in exchange for other goods is unacceptable. It is generally agree that some forms of exchange are desirable and that the presumption of a catastrophic race to an environmental Armageddon is not warranted (Oates and Schwab, 1988 Revesz, 1992). But less extreme criticisms of regulatory federalism are possible. The more plausible anxieties focus on failures of the local political process to value the at rest(p) amenities (Esty, 1997). Within the homeowner-dominated community, one would expect that amenities would be capitalized in the value of homes. Lower property taxes (or other ongoing fiscal benefits from firms) increase their home values, but the disamenities of firms that pay the additional taxes would tend to lowe r them. Several theories hold that this trade-off provides efficient incentives in the homogenous homeowner community in which the median voter prevails (Fischel, 1975 Fox, 1978). The moment of this view is, incidentally, that most property rich communities have in fact paid for the fiscal benefits of an industrial tax base in foregone amenities the larger tax base is not a windfall. This does not mean, of course, that homebuyers in such communities received no gains from the exchange only that redistribution of tax bases would cause some regret (and capital losses) among communities that had been willing to accommodate industrial uses (Gurwitz, 1980 Ladd, 1976).All of this is not to suggest that there are no asymmetries in the local process. Voters who are renters might be indifferent to improvements captured in property values, so they might be more inclined to vote for land use policies that increased their wages even if property values shrank. (This could be partly offset by re nt control, which gives renters a stake in property value changes.) On the other hand, compensatory payments by firms may be inhibited by the transaction costs of working through the public sector, thus biasing the result towards a residential status quo. The more upset issue

Chinas Cultural Revolution: Reforms in the Education System

mainland Chinas ethnic variety Reforms in the precept transcriptionThe period of the Cultural gyration in China (1966-1969) witnessed a capacious effort by the Maoist leadership to engineer the socialist mutation of Chinese society, ace of the area most radic entirelyy affected by the Cultural Revolution was the Chinese procreational organisation. The Great limit transport has brought about much frugal instability and lack of agricultural business, lead-in to the great famine. The goals and policies imposed by the government during the Cultural Revolution greatly modify the educational system and shifted heighten from an industrial intensive end product to an agricultural production. Although umpteen rural schools continued to function throughout this period, testis education virtually ceased in the urban areas.In this paper, we will dooff take a look at the three main designs in the educational reforms. With this general background description of the program, w e hope to explain whatever of the goals that the Communist functionied hoped to achieve. The second section of this paper will discuss the message that China employed to carry out the three main objectives, analyzing the modify manner in the implementation process and the structural impact it had on the educational system. Finally, we will evaluate the repercussion and critiques these reforms had on students and the society as a whole.educational ReformsThe Cultural Revolution had three prefatory objectives in reforming the educational system. In terms of the content of education, the first objective was to escalate ideological education so as to raise the policy-making mind of the students. The second objective was to integrate conjecture and fare in the educational process in order to make education to a greater extent reactive to the immediate production call for of the country. In terms of the scope of the educational system, the third objective was to popularize edu cation, especially in the rural areas of China.1 anterior to the Cultural Revolution, it seems that there was a tendency in Chinese education to emphasize technological and professional dressing ofttimes at the outgo of the socialist revolution as envisi integrityd by Chairman Mao. In 1956, with the debarion of the third year of senior middle school in which a section of the constitution class was held each week, it was account that semipolitical classes were entirely cancel lead. This trend was further reinforced after the Great Leap Forward when educational policy emphasized more study and slight sprain and politics. This general educational policy seems to prolong led to the integrating of an elite technocracy drawn cock-a-hooply from the educated bourgeois elements of the past. Thus, the most grave goal of educational reform in the Cultural Revolution was to marshal the students and raise to a higher level their awareness of class contradictions all the same alert in Chinese society. As Mao made clear, all work in school is for changing the thinking of the student.2 This educational objective was part of the massive effort of the Cultural Revolution as a whole to revitalize the commitment of the country to the socialist transformation of society.The stinting objectives of the educational reforms of the Cultural Revolution should be seen within the context of the boilersuit strategy for economic education. The emphasis on integrating theory with practice, or education with production, was not new in itself. The Ministry of Education stated explicitly in 1950 that the purpose of institutions of higher acquirement in the Peoples Republic of China is to train high level specialists for national reconstruction in congruity with the principles of the Cultural and Educational policy included in the Common syllabus of the Peoples Political Consultative Conference of China, and using a method which combines theory and practice. These specialists w ill go advanced standards of polish, will master modern attainment and technology, and will know total dedication to serving the people.3 However, the way in which theory was linked to practice was quite different from that which Mao had in mind for the Cultural Revolution. And the problem here was not simply one of implementation but of basically different concepts of economic development.From 1949 to 1958, Chinas strategy for economic development essentially followed that of the Soviet model, which stressed the growth of heavy attention at the expense of light industry and husbandry. As bottlenecks began to form, China began inquisitory for alternative developmental strategies. Thus, the Great Leap Forward was an attempt to ring the masses on a large and intensive scale to trespass the bottlenecks in the economy. While this strategy as a whole failed, it mark the point at which China changed from its preceding(prenominal) strategy to one placing comparatively more emph asis on rural development. This change in developmental strategy brought a basic change in the definition of what practice constituted in the educational process. In one case, it meant running(a) in the industrial sector primarily in a technological capacity, darn in the early(a), it meant working in the field to increase rural production. Thus, in the former case, linking theory and practice meant training more highly expert specialists to advance the technology for Chinas heavy industry, while in the latter, it meant training less(prenominal)-highly experienced generalists in less time to pile up the topical anaesthetic production needs of the rural sector. Thus, the economic objectives of the educational reforms were oriented primarily to the development of agriculture and light industry.Up until 1966, educational opportunities, grumpyly at the higher levels, d come uped unduly concentrated in the big cities. The rural areas, despite just about improvements since 1949, d id not benefit from educational expansion to nearly the same degree as the urban areas.4 In fact, according to a Russian source, after initial success at popularization of educational opportunities between 1950 and 1958, the bout of students at all levels of education decreased markedly from 1960 to 1965. It was also said that Liu Shaoqi admitted that in the 1965-66 school year approximately 30% of the children in China were not covered by a system of primary education.5 This bleak describe was partially confirmed by the Peoples Daily report that in 1965, 30 million school-aged children were not in school, most of them being rural children.6 Thus, one of the major objectives of the educational reforms was to correct this situation by increase the number of schools in the rural areas and initiating a large scale recruitment of peasants and workers into the documentary educational system.Means of the ReformsThe implementation of educational reforms was carried out via a deconce ntrate process, as most schools were placed under topical anesthetic management. In fact, it was reported in 1973 that each school had its own Revolution in Education Committee responsible not only for implementing reforms but also for part of the planning process within its own institution.7 So it would seem that topical anaesthetic experimentation within the general framework of the new educational policies was encouraged. experiment was seen as necessary primarily because of the emphasis on adopting flexible methods to meet the diverse needs of different schools and regions. We will identify below the major guidelines regarding the implementation of the educational reforms, as well as describe some of the different ways the reforms were implemented.In order to elevate the political knowingness of the students, the curriculum was heavily stocked with political education courses. The major texts utilise were drawn from the works of Mao. Aside from increasing the number of politi cal course, other courses also drew upon Maos thoughts to explain various approaches to the analysis of whatever phenomenon was involved.8 This trustfulness on Maos thoughts was essentially the concept of putting politics in ensure of knowledge. At the same time, revolutionary mass criticism and class pushs were actively promoted to bring into sharp relief the various contradictions in society from a more person-to-person perspective. The principal means of linking theory and practice in the educational process were to make production labor a major part of the students curriculum and to direct research to meet local needs. These methods were ground on the concept of practical training, although their implementation in China seems to have gone far beyond that practiced by other countries.In the rural areas, students would spend much of their time working in the fields and learning from the peasants. The training of the students included clearing marginal lands, planting and harv esting, working on the construction of water conservation projects and irrigation systems and so on. 9Research in let go of was directed towards increasing the crop yield and the mechanization of the local production units. What the specific tasks would be depended on the particular needs of a presumptuousness locality. As for the urban sector, secondary and higher learning institutions were reported to have set up local factories within the schools not only to train students in practical work, but also to engage in significant production work. In other cases, factories and schools established ties with one another so as to direct the research of the latter to the needs of the former, making affirmable the immediate application of new findings. At the same time, veteran workers were often brought to the schools to teach in certain areas and students worked at the factories for practical training. Some factories raze established schools of their own, although this method seems t o have more or less hurt out.In brief, the educational reforms designed to attain the economic objectives basically gave the students more practical training and actual work in production than did the previous educational system. It was said that prior to the Cultural Revolution, peasants and workers had much difficulty tending schools because of such obstacles as high entrance examination standards (primarily for colleges and universities), high be and expenses, inaccessibility since most schools were located in the cities, conflict of class schedules with local production time tables, and the lack of direct and immediate relevance of the courses offered to local production needs. As a result, educational opportunities were still not drawn-out to many in the country living in the rural areas.During the Cultural Revolution, many of the reforms were implemented specifically to erase such barriers to education. Some of the spacious guidelines for popularizing education were 1) lo wering educational standards, thus making possible the large scale recruitment of peasants and workers into the existing educational system, and especially to higher learning institutions 2) lowering educational fees and expenses 3) shortening the number of years for a basic education, commonly from a 6-3-3 to a 5-2-2 system, while higher education was usually decreased from four or five years to two or three years (this allowed more to enter the educational system since less time would be taken off needed production work and the school population would be reduced for a given pith of students going through) 4) promoting popularly-sponsored schools-this expansion occurred mainly in the rural areas and was limited basically to the primary school level 5) adapting curriculum and schedules to local requirements and 6) simplifying teaching materials.10inside these reform guidelines, however, schools at all levels could experiment with different ways of implementing the reforms. For ex ample, capital of Red China University with its more carefully selected students continued to have higher standards of education than many other colleges and universities. However, an attempt was made to lessen the gap.11 Or with regard to popularly sponsored schools, there arose mobile schools, spare-time schools, half-work, half-study schools and so on. Furthermore, the specific curriculum of each school, except perhaps for the political education courses, varied according to the needs of the particular region. Thus, the popularization of education was carried out under a flexible and decentralise educational system.Repercussion of the ReformsWhile the drastic educational reform measures have given peasants opportunities to attain basic education in rural areas, as well as agricultural production and political gains, it naturally came with immutable negative impacts that promoted many post-modernists critiques. In the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, values worry collabora tion, diligence, modesty, and respect for elders and teachers were discarded as a result of the purge of the old(a) Chinese cultures and traditions. Many have failed to retain the virtues during the revolution. Second, due to political struggle and line drawn between working classes and intellectuals, as well as political and violent nature of the social revolution, substantial innocent teachers and professionals were subjected to personal attacks and humiliation, some even executed. Third, specific strategies of the reformed curriculum and examination system proved to be misguided and wasted the schooling of many novel people. The disconnection between academic achievement and students future travel, the emphasis on political correctness over academic achievement, and the neglecting of theory learning and over-emphasis on hands-on experiences were all examples of poor decisions. Fourth, the Cultural Revolution both change state students and rule them. It liberated students an d people because it opened their eyes to the inequality existing in education and society However, it imposed political control and dominated them because it did not allow real democratic, independent and critical thinking ability.12 As Freire (1970) put it, If teachers help students from oppressed communities to read the word but do not also teach them to read the world, students might become literate person in a technical sense but will remain passive objects of history rather than active subjects.13ConclusionThe Cultural Revolution opened peoples eyes but imposed the governments intentions on the people and placed their thinking. Thus, people were forced to follow the governments ideology. In accordance with the three objectives set forth by the Communist Party, strategies were carried out in a decentralized manner that placed significant amount of decision making on local management. To raise political awareness, much of the curriculum were inspired by Maos thinking. His princ iples such as practice training were also preached to the students, which compliments well with the second objective to integrate theory and practice while increasing agricultural production. At the time, schools and factories were tightly assimilated, as much of the students from urban areas were nonionised to work in rural areas, in order to experience the real China and raise consciousness on the large class separationism that existed. Lastly, with adjustments to the curriculum schedules, time commitment, academic and financial requirements, the barriers to entry were significantly reduced for many rural youths. Basic education was finally attainable by peasants and popularized in the rural area. However, this caused a reduction of higher education and development of specialized skilled workers in the urban area, in accordance with the focus on agricultural production rather than industrial production.The extremist nature of the reforms achieved by China was unlike what other c ountries could have accomplish. While political agendas and production goals were met, it came at a great cost to students that lasted through the generation. Connections to their ancestors culture and virtues were cut in favor of Maos thinking and the way of the new China. This led to activities that post-modernists could consider contradictive to the development of humanity, which was evident in the case of innocent individuals who retain the old culture or decided against Maos thinking were humiliated or executed. Students freedom of critical thinking was taken away, replaced by political correctness and over-emphasis on hand-on experiences, ultimately hindering their theoretical knowledge and future career development.BibliographySeybolt, Peter. Editors Introduction, 1971Huey, Alison B. The Revolutionary Committee of Peking affectionateness School 31, 1970Gardner and Idema, Chinas Educational Revolution, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1973Klepikoy, V. Z. The component part of Public Education in China, Sovetskaia Pedagoka 8, 1968, translated by J. Barry Eliot, CE 1Peoples Daily, Chinas Educational Revolution, 1965McCormick, Robert. Revolution in Education Committees, The China Quarterly 57, 1974Wuyuan Rev. Comm. et al., A unused Type of School That Combines. Theory with Practice, 1968Yu-lin Special Region Rev. Comm. and Kuei-ping Rev. Comm, postulate Workers to take in Socialist Consciousness and Culture, 1970,Wan, Guofang. The Educational Reforms in the Cultural Revolution in China A Postmodern Critique, 1998. https//eric.ed.gov/?id=ED427419Lankshear, C. and Mclaren, P.L. Critical Literacy, unused York call down University of New York Press, 1993Shor, I. Empowering Education, Chicago The University of Chicago Press, 1992.1 Peter Seybolt, Editors Introduction, 1971, p. 4.2 Alison B. Huey, The Revolutionary Committee of Peking Middle School 31, 1970, p. 206.3 Seybolt, p. 4.4 Gardner and Idema, Chinas Educational Revolution, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1973, p. 2 575 V. Z. Klepikoy, The Fate of Public Education in China, Sovetskaia Pedagoka 8, 1968, trans, J. Barry Eliot, CE 1, p. 42.6 Peoples Daily, Chinas Educational Revolution, 1965, p. 258.7 Robert McCormick, Revolution in Education Committees, The China Quarterly 57,1974, p. 133.8 Wuyuan Rev. Comm. et al., A New Type of School That Combines. Theory with Practice, 1968, p. 24-319 Yu-lin Special Region Rev. Comm. and Kuei-ping Rev. Comm, Train Workers to Have Socialist Consciousness and Culture, 1970, p. 40-4510 Gardner and Idema, p. 279-280.11 Ibid., p. 286.12 Wan, Guofang. The Educational Reforms in the Cultural Revolution in China A Postmodern Critique, 1998.13 Lankshear, C. and Mclaren, P.L., Critical Literacy, New York State University ofNew York Press., 1993

Solar Water Heating System in Malaysian Homes

solar weewee buy the farm temperature schema in Malayan HomesChapter 1 induction1.1 Project designationA necessitate into solar wet alter constitution in Malayan Homes1.2 Problem controlMalaysia has easy climatic conditions for the development of solar readiness repayable to the huge sunshineninessshine and is considered peachy for harnessing brawniness from the sun. This is beca purpose solar burning urine toilette fabricate the large zip fastener consumer in Malaysia ho usageh aged(prenominal)s. yet when, beca utilization of the higher(prenominal) sign hail of solar piss thawing goernance, and easily to effect and relatively loud to bargain for galvanising pee hot upers, sm completely-army a(prenominal) Malaysia families be still suing electric irrigate senss to hot their urine ineluctably. This explore is presented the comparing of solar pee establishment trunk of rules warmth remains from Malayans doughet with the electr ic weewee sess by study the sign constitute, price, durability, charge personify and surround involve for both arrangements. The about important is to equalise the unyielding bound frugal benefits for both dodges.1.3 AimsTo study solar urine loveing formation in Malayan Homes1.4 ObjectivesTo encounter the pros and cons for solar body of wet affectionatenessing arrangingTo analyze the popularity of solar pissing fondnessing musical arrangement in Malaysian HomesTo comp be the initial salute, price, durability, and environment intrusion for solar water passion dodging and electric water skunk1.5 BackgroundE truly day, we be comprehend with selective training about global warming, global pollution, wars over might imaginativenesss, species depletionthe lists go and on. solar energy is renewable. solar water alter corpse gets energy from the sun to mania water for homes, there by displacing the commit of electrical energy.The use of solar water supply hotness formation has a spacious business relationship and it is unimaginable for us to exactly date the first uses of it. barely we do get it on that ancient Greeks and Romans civilizations made good use of in alert solar energy in their building designs. The first inventor for solar peeing smoke is Clarence M. Kemp at family 1891. Until today, solar water supply high temperature brass is commonly utilise by residents and becomes one of the action to hold dear our global.1.6 mise en scene of trainingThe main study go out specific on solar pissing modify administration and its pros and cons. The scope of study volition nidus on the par of initial comp sharpen, price, durability and environmental preserve amongst solar water rut establishment and electric car piss sess.1.7 look for MethodologyThis research all(prenominal)ow for be carried out by apply belles-lettres recap and questionn communicatee. belles-lettres review is going to de destinationine the pros and cons for solar water rut organization, and alike to compare the be of surgical process, price, durability, alimony cost and environment impact for solar water warming corpse and electric water smoke. Questionn circulatee go forth be carried out to investigate the popularity of solar urine dope in Malaysian Homes at Wangsa Maju.1.8 ContributionFrom this research, we establish deeper familiarity about solar water passion arranging and Malaysians family feces run by an other resource on water heating system other than electric water heater.1.9 Proposed Chapter1.9.1 Chapter 1 -IntroductionIntroduction for solar water heating system.1.9.2 Chapter 2 - books reviewDetermine the pros and cons for solar water heating system from journals, books and by means of net to incite. Compare the cost of routine, price, durability, nourishment cost and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heater.1.9.3 Chapter 3 -Research Methodology1.9.3.1 QuestionnaireThe mode for this research is exploitation questionnaire. The main purpose of this questionnaire is to obtain facts, data and basic information from every party that involves in this area of study. Questionnaire provide be distributed to applicable parties for unravel sand and provide be none in an easy to answer carriage to hike response from the respondents. At the end of the questionnaire section, result get out be tabulated in charts, graph, pie forms. This leave behind reflect the trend and indicates the distribution of figure to attention in analyzing the bothers.1.9.3.2 Literature look backwardThe information of the second source leave alone be come from literature review. For the topic of this Project and Dissertation, all the information leave alone base on the relevant literature on solar pissing thawing ashes. For separate understanding, some aspects such as the method of introduction for solar piss warm th System, the type of solar pee warmth System exit in like manner included. TARC library and national library is the beaver way to get all the relevant information. anyway that, internet is in any case the way to obtain all the relevant information and data. The online resource in TARC library is the best search engineers for the journals articles which related to my Project and Dissertation.1.9.4 Chapter 4 -Data and abstractAfter the questionnaire, all the analysis results bequeath be land and apologize in this chapter. All the result will base on 40 respondents and given a conclusion whether the mass of the respondents prefer water heating system or electric water heater in Malaysian Homes.1.9.5 Chapter 5 -ConclusionIn this chapter will list down the operation of objectives for this thesis and will be concluded and gossipered. some other than that, my personal horizon and comment will also be in this chapter.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.1 History of solar peein g Heating System passim military mans history the sun has eternally been a face of shooter and mystery. In fact, close ancient cultures hold back considered the sun as a god or godlike due to its life-giving and energy-giving. Thus, the issue of solar is one of the oldest affair for human. too that, it has gone through much evolutions and has been the subject of legion(predicate) schools of thought- starting with religion, and ending up in the field of science.It is impossible to exactly date the first uses of solar energy, it maybe the Egyptian, Chinese or even the Malay first invented solar energy. But we do know that ancient Greeks and Romans civilizations, made good use of supine solar energy in their building designs.The use of solar water Heating System has a surprisingly coarse history. course of instruction 1891, Clarence M. Kemp became the first man to unvarnished a solar irrigate skunk, called the Climax(Bob Ramlow and Benjamin Nusz, 2006, p.2). It was a ghastly painted water store mounted in an insulated misfortune with ice rink on one side. The Climax was instantly popular in calcium. Thousands of Climaxes and quasi(prenominal) systems were installed in a short cadence.Figure 2. 1 An old publicizing for the Climax solar pee green goddess form 1909, William J. Bailey, a atomic number 20 Engineer began selling a new system solar urine warmer named Day and Night(Ramlow and Nusz, 2006, p.3). It consisted of a solar aggregator and a separate retention retentivity tank car mounted preceding(prenominal) the storage battery. Year 1913, a freak cold snap hit southern California and many Day and Night solar wet sess accumulator registers froze and burst. To adopt future tense sinlesszing problem, Bailey installed a coil of subway within the storage tank to act as a heat transfigurer. Then he use an alcohol and water miscellany as the antifreeze solution for his heat exchange medium. This system called as a cl osed- handbuild solar water Heating System.Year 1979, U.S. President Jimmy Carter made the following prophetic literary argument at the inauguration of a solar-thermal water heater installed on the discolour abode crown regulate In the Year 2000, the solar heater rear me will still be here, supplying cheap, efficient energy. A genesis from now, this solar heater rump either be a curiosity, a museum piece, an theoretical account of a road not taken or it can be just a small part of the greatest and or so excite adventure ever undertaken by the American people. (Ondrey, 2009).2.2 Introduction of solar weewee Heating SystemOne of the biggest uses of electricity, gas and oil is the heating of water in the home. solar pissing Heating System is a very undecomposable and efficient way to grab energy from sun and use it. solar water Heater collects and converts solar radiation energy to reusable thermal energy into the form of hot water. It essentially consists of solar stor age batterys for absorb and converting the solar energy and an insulated storage vessel or tank to bind the heated water. The sum of hot water a solar water heater produces depends on-type and size of the systemamount of sun available at the siteseasonal hot water use up pattern and induction of the systemsolar pee heater utilise in the homes for supplying domestic hot water are typically installed with some form of back-up heating system such as electricity to reckon a hot water supply during the nighttime time and cloudy conditions. solar water heater can be considered as per-heater. The solar weewee Heater raises the temperature of water forward it enters the water tank.2.3 Types of solar weewee Heating SystemThere are ii types of solar wet Heating Systems, either is bustling agent or passive. both(prenominal) of the types are rangeing on the same principles. The only difference is active systems obtain a gist moving the water through the Solar body of water Heating System but passive systems rely on record principles which is warm water rises to the top, and cold water sinks to the substructure. With a passive Solar weewee Heating System, the water storage tank must(prenominal)iness and then always be positioned above the solar water heater storage battery.2.3.1 officious Solar pee Heating SystemActive Solar Water Heaters rely on electric pumps, and the controllers to circulate water, or other heat-transfer limpids through the gatherers. These are the types of Active Solar Water Heating System- disseminate intertwine active systems- circulate water directly from the tank through the accumulators (Morrison, 2005, p.226). This design is efficient and also can lower break loose cost if there is no problem with the water supply because of calcium deposits quick build up in the collector. Closed loop active systems- the heat transfer fluid is pumped through the collectors, and a heat exchanger is use to transfer heat from the collector loop to the water in the tank (Morrison, 2005, p.227). The twain most common closed loop activesystems are-Antifreeze- The heat transfer fluid is normally a dihydric alcohol-water mixture with the glycol concentration depending on the expected minimum temperature. The glycol is ordinarily food-grade propylene glycol because it is non-toxic.Drainback systems- A type of indirect system, use pump to circulate water through the collectors. The water in the collector loop run outs into a reservoir tank when the pumps stop. This makes waste pipeback systems a good choice in colder climates. Drainback systems must be carefully installed to assure that the yell always slopes downward, so that the water will completely drain from the pipe give-up the ghost. This can be knockout to achieve in some circulation.Active systems are usually more expensive and are less efficient than passive system of antifreeze measures are required. Active systems are more difficult to ret rofit in houses that do not have basements because space must be erect in house for additional equipment (Morrison, 2005, p.226).2.3.2 Passive Solar Water Heating SystemPassive Solar Water Heaters rely on dryness and the magnetic dip for water to naturally circulate as it is heated. Due to they contain no electric components, passive systems are generally more reliable, easier to maintain, and perchance have a dourer work life than active systems. The 2 most popular types of passive systems are-Integral-collector storage systems- combine tank and collector into one unit. These systems are simple and effective (Morrison, 2005, p.225). This system is only good in households with solar day and evening hot water inescapably due to high heat injury at night. The main limitation with this system concept is it is only a pre-heater and must be attached in series with a conventional water heater if a 24 hours hot water supply is required.Thermosyphon systems- an stinting and reli able choice, specially in new homes. These systems rely on the natural circulation of water mingled with the collector and the tank or heat exchanger (Morrison, 2005, p. 223). The tank set up must above the collector due to achieve circulation during daytime and also to limit reverse circulation at nighttime. Water which is heated will rise naturally into the tank and cooler water arises down to the tooshie of the collector, do circulation throughout system.2.4 Pros and Cons of Solar Water Heating System2.4.1 Advantages of Solar Water Heating SystemInstalling a Solar Water Heater is an investment that will save our money for the coming age and it is simple to construct. It is almost free once the equipment is installed because of the fuel for the Solar Water Heater is getting from sun. Energy from the sun is renewable. So, we are protected from electricity level increment category by course of study in the future. It is four-spot-spot generation cheaper than electricity (Pandey and Banerjee, 1998, p.17). Besides that, it is environment free because it produces no babys room gases.Solar Water Heater parrys nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and other air pollutants created when electric water heater is used to heat water. Solar Water Heater reduces pollutants and contribute to a healthier environment opposite than that, Solar Water Heater is extremely safe and clean. We will determine free from the problem which will occur by electric water heater because Solar Water Heater mostly no maintenance, resort work or cleaning is required. By choosing a Solar Water Heater to heat water in home, it is an intelligent, socially aware and environmentally amenable energy source.2.4.2 Disadvantages of Solar Water Heating SystemAlthough Solar Water Heating System consists of a lot of advantages, but it has its disadvantages also. prototypal of all, Solar Water Heater will doesnt work substantially on eld when it is cloudy, over cast or rain ing. Besides that, it doesnt work at nighttime. So, it is typically installed with electric water heater to discover that hot water is supplied when the day is cloudy, overcast, raining or at night. Other than that, personify of purchase Solar Water Heater is one the most unfavourable issue. The initial cost of Solar Water Heater is high for Malaysian if compare to electric water heater. Many of the residents will not cull Solar Water heater due to its high initial cost. In addition, appearance of the house will affected due to the collector of Solar Water Heater is being installed on the crownwork.2.5 Selecting a Solar Water HeaterBefore purchasing and installing a Solar Water Heating System, we are required to do the following- aim into the economic science of a Solar Water Heating System hire into the desires of hot water requiredDetermine the correct size for Solar Water Heating SystemDetermine the energy efficiency of Solar Water Heating SystemEstimate and compare syste m cost2.6 Method of Installation for Solar Water Heating SystemThe installation of a Solar Water Heater requires skills that overlap many trades. Installer needs to be familiar with plumbery, roofing and electrical. Here will shows the divers(a) move and processes to install a Solar Water Heater. This Solar Water Heating System consists of unconditional-plate collector, a differential controller, several sensors, a pump, and confused valves. footmark 1 collector MountingBefore start the installation, installer must assure that the roof is suitable for the condition of raise of the solar collector. Installer has to ensure that the roof tiles are in satisfactory condition and the trusses are passable to support the collector. In general, there is no problem for installing a solar collector on a traditional roof. Besides that, it is recommended that the solar collector to face to south or within 30 to 45 eastside or west of due south.The installer needs to locate the trusses t hat will be use to attach the solar mounting brackets. After installer locates the trusses, he will then makes preparation for the installing of the collector mounting clips. The collector will then attach to the clips. Installer will carefully remove the roof tiles where the mounting clips will be installed. Four mounting clips will be used to support the collector and also to distribute the weight at the four mounting locations. Lastly, solar collector installs on the mounting clips. mistreat 2 Roof underground FlashingFirst of all, installer needs to target and mark down the locations of the piping penetrations. There will be two penetration-collector yield line and collector military issue line. In gravity drain system, the food line should penetrate the roof below the collector. Then, make a flat slovenly person flashing with an oversize collar to penetrate the fluid line. footmark 3 Piping from Tank to CollectorInstaller will install the pipage that will connect the wat er heater to the solar connector. Normally, loose copper will be used in the domed stadium run amid the tank area components and the collector lines exits at the roof because by utilise soft copper, installer does not have to solder any fittings in the attic. Pipe hangers will be used in locations to secure the long piping runs. Besides that, insulation will be installed on all attic piping to prevent heat loss.Step 4 Collector consecrate line PipingInstaller will measure, cut and fit the pipe fittings for ripe length. He will solder the piping and fittings once all of them have been attached correctly.Step 5 Collector Return promissory note plumbing systemInstaller will solder fittings that will accommodate the system air vent. The system can prevent air locks that will restrict flow in the system. Air vent is always install at the high straits of system and in a true north steep position. Then, installer will solder more fitting such as extort moderation valve.Step 6 S torage TankInstaller starts the installation for storage tank. this involves plumbing the water heater for cold service, hot outlet, collector feed and return lines. Installer will place insulation on all capable piping once the piping has been installed to reduce heat loss during system operation. Lastly, he will set the thermostat on the water heater because although the majority of the how water is produced by solar energy, but when cloudy, overcast or nighttime, the electric elements are always the spare for it.Step 7 mastery and SensorsInstaller will install controller and sensor for the system. The differential controller is the brains of solar system. It plant with two sensors. One of it located at the hottest part of the system which is collector outlet. The other one is located at the coldest part of the system which is the bottom of the tank.Step 8 Pump and ValvesA Solar Water Heating System consists of a variety of components. System pump also called as circulator is a critical component for Solar Water Heating System. Its guide is to circulate the fluid from the tank to the collector. Then the fluid gains heat in the solar collector and return to the storage tank. Besides that, impedimenta valve, drain valves and isolation valves also the components to install.Step 9 Pipe breakupThe last step for installation process is pipe insulation. It is to prevent heat loss from the piping, so pipe insulation is installed on both foreign and inherent system piping. After that, installer should provide the owner of the Solar Water Heater a system operation and maintenance manual.2.7 A similitude surrounded by Solar Water Heater and electrical Water HeaterSolartech (Summer)CX necessitate Heating*PanasonicDH 3HE1M**PanasonicDH 3HT1M**Type of Water HeaterSolar electricalElectricPower Consumption2.4 KW (back up heating element)3.6 KW3.6 KWSelling worth / unitRM 5,490.00RM 639.00RM 449.00Selling Price (2 units)RM 1,278RM 1,098 sign live (selling pr ice + installation cost)RM 5,690.00RM 1428.00RM 1248.00Warranty (full warranty)10 old age1 year1 yearprocess cost / yearRM 170.25RM 1,109.67RM 1,109.67Operation constitute (10 age)RM 1702.50RM 11,096.70RM 11,096.70 summarize court (initial cost + operation cost) for 10 years without maintenance costRM 7,392.50RM 12,374.70RM 12,194.70Environment Impactfreecarbonic acid gascarbonic acid gasTable 2. 1 Comparison amidst Solar Water Heater and Electric Water Heater* Description is given by Solartech sales Service Sdn Bhd** Description is given by Pansasonic Malaysia Sdn BhdThe table above shows the comparison between Solar Water Heater and Electric Water Heater. In the table, it is shown that the fundamental cost for 10 years, environment impact and their operation cost. Firstly, for family consists of 6 persons considered as the study in the table. They installed 2 units of electric water heater in the toilets for their house or a unit of Solar Water Heater. Their need for hot water is 3 hours per day. Besides that, the study is estimating the total cost for 10 years.2.7.1 total exist Method purpose in this study is to let the operation time (N) of a system be variable to find the operation life of the systems. The total cost will be adapted in the study because it allows the comparison between the systems for 10 years time. In general, the total cost of a system can be expressed as the following equationTotal hail = sign Cost + Operation Cost( 10years)2.7.1.1 Operation Cost (OC)For Electric Water Heater, operation cost is the electrical billhook cost over the year to provide hot water needs of the family consists of 6 persons. But for Solar Water Heater, the operation cost is yearly electrical bill cost for the back up heating system.OCSWH = 12 months x NOCD x NOHs x price of electricity (RM/KWh)Where, OCSWH operation cost of Solar Water Heater NOCD number of cloudy day per month NOHS number of hours switched back up heating system.OCEWH = 365 eld x NOH x price of electricity (RM/KWh)Where, OCEWH operation cost of Electric Water Heater NOH number of hours electricity is used to provide hot water.2.7.2 analysis of the determine of the parameterSolartech (Summer)CX Direct HeatingPanasonicDH 3HE1M (2 units)PanasonicDH 3HT1M (2 units) sign Cost = RM 5,690.00OC = 12 months x NOCD x NOHs x price ofelectricity (RM/KWh)= 12 months x 7 old age/month x 3 hours x (2.4 KW x (RM 0.218 + RM 0.345)/2)= RM 170.25Total Cost = initial Cost + (OC x 10 years)= RM 5,690.00 + (RM 170.25 x 10)= RM 7,392.50Initial Cost = RM 1,278.00OC = 365 days x NOH x price of electricity (RM/KWh)= 365 days x 3 hours x (3.6 KW x (RM 0.218 + RM 0.345)/2)= RM 1,109.67Total Cost = Initial Cost + (OC x 10 years)= RM 1,278.00 + (RM 1,109.67 x 10)= RM 12,374.70Initial Cost = RM 1,098.00OC = 365 days x NOH x price of electricity (RM/KWh)= 365 days x 3 hours x (3.6 KW x (RM 0.218 + RM 0.345)/2)= RM 1,109.67Total Cost = Initial Cost + (OC x 10 years)= RM 1,098.00 + ( RM 1,109.67 x 10)= RM 12,194.70Table 2. 2 Summary of the values of the paramaterFrom the table above, it is shown that Solar Water Heater is more economical and more attractive than the Electric Water Heater in long term. It is better for the family to use Solar Water Heater when compared to Electrical Water Heater. Besides that, it is more benefits to install Solar Water Heater because of long term economical benefits, environment friendly and a way to avoid from the problem of increasing electricity bill and increasing family size.ReferencesOng, K. S. 1994. Solar Water Heater. Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia University of Malaya.Gordon, J. 2005. Solar Enegy The State of The Art. London James James (Science Publishers) Ltd.Ondrey, G. 2009. Solars here and now Coming. Chemical Engineering. pg. 18.Pandey, J. L. and Banerjee M. K. 1998. Energy Conservation with the Use of Solar discriminating Coatings. Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials. 45(1), pp. 16-24.Davidson, Jane, Wood and Bya rd. 1996. Solar savoury Water for the Home. mechanized Engineering. pg. 60.European Journal of Scientific Research. 2009. Economics of Domestic Solar Hot Water Heating Systems in Malaysia. 26(1), pp. 20-28Progress musical compositionTask to be accurateSecond Year Semester 1 (Week)July 05, 2009 July 11, 2009July 12, 2009 July 18, 2009July 19, 2009 July 25, 2009July 26, 2009 Aug 01, 2009Aug 02, 2009 Aug 08, 2009Aug 09, 2009 Aug 15, 2009Aug 16, 2009 Aug 22, 2009Aug 23, 2009 Aug 29, 2009Confirm Title reconcile plan1.0 Introduction2.0 Literature reviewProposed induce Schedule developed Work ScheduleTask to be completedSecond Year Semester 1 (Week)July 05, 2009 July 11, 2009July 12, 2009 July 18, 2009July 19, 2009 July 25, 2009July 26, 2009 Aug 01, 2009Aug 02, 2009 Aug 08, 2009Aug 09, 2009 Aug 15, 2009Aug 16, 2009 Aug 22, 2009Aug 23, 2009 Aug 29, 2009Confirm TitleFinalise Proposal1.0 Introduction2.0 Literature reviewEvery element had been done on time correspond to the proposed work progress except Chapter 1 Introduction. It should be done before awful 01, 2009, but in stead it was done on gilded 22, 2009. The undercoat for the delay because of Introduction is revised proposal, so I heady to confuse it until the same with the date of completion for literature review.For Literature Review, I started it a week earlier than the proposed work schedule due to I need longer time to search information from TARC library and internet. Besides that, I also needed to get the quotation from supplier so that I started my literature review earlier. Luckily, everything in progress and I undone my literature review on time. My supervisor, Mr. Teh Bin Sin checked my kit and caboodle on August 20, 2009 and I printed out all the chapters for interim submission.Report on Changes InvolvedDate (Week)Issue of ChangesIssue of AmendmentJuly 05, 2009 July 11,2009Project TitleA Comparison between Solar Water Heating System and Electric Water Heaterchanged toA Stu dy into Solar Water Heating System in Malaysian HomesThe project title changed because A Study into Solar Water Heating System in Malaysian Homes is more specific and to fulfill requirement of supervisor.July 26, 2009 August 01, 2009ObjectivesTo compare the initial cost, price, durability, maintenance cost and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heaterchanged toTo compare the initial cost, price, durability, and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heaterDue to the comment from supplier, which is maintenance cost is difficult to approximate or estimate for the following 10 years for water heater, so I decided to take out the comparison of maintenance cost in objective.Solar Water Heating System in Malaysian HomesSolar Water Heating System in Malaysian HomesChapter 1 Introduction1.1 Project TitleA study into solar water heating system in Malaysian Homes1.2 Problem StatementMalaysia has favourable climatic conditions f or the development of solar energy due to the abundant sunlight and is considered good for harnessing energy from the sun. This is because solar hot water can represent the large energy consumer in Malaysia households. But, because of the high initial cost of solar water heating system, and easily to install and relatively inexpensive to purchase electric water heaters, many Malaysia families are still suing electric water heaters to hot their water needs. This research is presented the comparing of solar water heating system from Malaysians market with the electric water heater by study the initial cost, price, durability, maintenance cost and environment impact for both systems. The most important is to compare the long term economical benefits for both systems.1.3 AimsTo study solar water heating system in Malaysian Homes1.4 ObjectivesTo determine the pros and cons for solar water heating systemTo investigate the popularity of solar water heating system in Malaysian HomesTo comp are the initial cost, price, durability, and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heater1.5 BackgroundEvery day, we are heard with information about global warming, global pollution, wars over energy resources, species depletionthe lists go and on. Solar energy is renewable. Solar Water Heating System gets energy from the sun to heat water for homes, there by displacing the use of electricity.The use of Solar Water Heating System has a long history and it is impossible for us to exactly date the first uses of it. But we do know that ancient Greeks and Romans civilizations made good use of passive solar energy in their building designs. The first inventor for Solar Water Heater is Clarence M. Kemp at Year 1891. Until today, Solar Water Heating System is commonly used by residents and becomes one of the action to protect our global.1.6 Scope of StudyThe main study will specific on Solar Water Heating System and its pros and cons. The scope of study will focus on the comparison of initial cost, price, durability and environmental impact between Solar Water Heating System and Electric Water Heater.1.7 Research MethodologyThis research will be carried out by using literature review and questionnaire. Literature review is going to determine the pros and cons for solar water heating system, and also to compare the cost of operation, price, durability, maintenance cost and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heater. Questionnaire will be carried out to investigate the popularity of Solar Water Heater in Malaysian Homes at Wangsa Maju.1.8 ContributionFrom this research, we gain deeper knowledge about solar water heating system and Malaysians family can have another choice on water heating system other than electric water heater.1.9 Proposed Chapter1.9.1 Chapter 1 -IntroductionIntroduction for solar water heating system.1.9.2 Chapter 2 -Literature reviewDetermine the pros and cons for solar water heating s ystem from journals, books and through internet to support. Compare the cost of operation, price, durability, maintenance cost and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heater.1.9.3 Chapter 3 -Research Methodology1.9.3.1 QuestionnaireThe method for this research is using questionnaire. The main purpose of this questionnaire is to obtain facts, data and basic information from every party that involves in this area of study. Questionnaire will be distributed to relevant parties for feedback and will be set in an easy to answer manner to encourage response from the respondents. At the end of the questionnaire section, result will be tabulated in charts, graph, pie forms. This will reflect the trend and indicates the distribution of figure to help in analyzing the problems.1.9.3.2 Literature ReviewThe information of the second source will be come from literature review. For the topic of this Project and Dissertation, all the information will base on the re levant literature on Solar Water Heating System. For better understanding, some aspects such as the method of installation for Solar Water Heating System, the type of Solar Water Heating System will also included. TARC library and national library is the best way to get all the relevant information. Besides that, internet is also the way to obtain all the relevant information and data. The online resource in TARC library is the best search engineers for the journals articles which related to my Project and Dissertation.1.9.4 Chapter 4 -Data and analysisAfter the questionnaire, all the analysis results will be record and explain in this chapter. All the result will base on 40 respondents and given a conclusion whether the majority of the respondents prefer water heating system or electric water heater in Malaysian Homes.1.9.5 Chapter 5 -ConclusionIn this chapter will list down the achievement of objectives for this dissertation and will be concluded and commented. Other than that, my personal opinion and comment will also be in this chapter.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.1 History of Solar Water Heating SystemThroughout humans history the sun has always been a subject of guess and mystery. In fact, most ancient cultures have considered the sun as a god or godlike due to its life-giving and energy-giving. Thus, the subject of solar is one of the oldest subject for human. Besides that, it has gone through many evolutions and has been the subject of many schools of thought- starting with religion, and ending up in the field of science.It is impossible to exactly date the first uses of solar energy, it maybe the Egyptian, Chinese or even the Malay first invented solar energy. But we do know that ancient Greeks and Romans civilizations, made good use of passive solar energy in their building designs.The use of Solar Water Heating System has a surprisingly long history. Year 1891, Clarence M. Kemp became the first man to patent a Solar Water Heater, called the Climax(B ob Ramlow and Benjamin Nusz, 2006, p.2). It was a black painted water tank mounted in an insulated box with glass on one side. The Climax was instantly popular in California. Thousands of Climaxes and similar systems were installed in a short time.Figure 2. 1 An old advertisement for the Climax Solar Water HeaterYear 1909, William J. Bailey, a California Engineer began selling a new system Solar Water Heater named Day and Night(Ramlow and Nusz, 2006, p.3). It consisted of a solar collector and a separate storage tank mounted above the collector. Year 1913, a freak cold snap hit southern California and many Day and Night Solar Water Heater collectors froze and burst. To terminate future freezing problem, Bailey installed a coil of pipe within the storage tank to act as a heat exchanger. Then he used an alcohol and water mixture as the antifreeze solution for his heat exchange medium. This system called as a closed-loop Solar Water Heating System.Year 1979, U.S. President Jimmy Carter made the following prophetic statement at the inauguration of a solar-thermal water heater installed on the White House roof In the Year 2000, the solar heater behind me will still be here, supplying cheap, efficient energy. A generation from now, this solar heater can either be a curiosity, a museum piece, an example of a road not taken or it can be just a small part of the greatest and most exciting adventure ever undertaken by the American people. (Ondrey, 2009).2.2 Introduction of Solar Water Heating SystemOne of the biggest uses of electricity, gas and oil is the heating of water in the home. Solar Water Heating System is a very simple and efficient way to grab energy from sun and use it. Solar Water Heater collects and converts solar radiation energy to useful thermal energy into the form of hot water. It essentially consists of solar collectors for absorbing and converting the solar energy and an insulated storage vessel or tank to contain the heated water. The amount of hot water a solar water heater produces depends on-type and size of the systemamount of sun available at the siteseasonal hot water demand pattern and installation of the systemSolar Water heater used in the homes for supplying domestic hot water are typically installed with some form of back-up heating system such as electricity to ensure a hot water supply during the night time and cloudy conditions. Solar water heater can be considered as per-heater. The Solar Water Heater raises the temperature of water before it enters the water tank.2.3 Types of Solar Water Heating SystemThere are two types of Solar Water Heating Systems, either is active or passive. Both of the types are working on the same principles. The only difference is active systems have a pump moving the water through the Solar Water Heating System but passive systems rely on nature principles which is warm water rises to the top, and cold water sinks to the bottom. With a passive Solar Water Heating System, the water st orage tank must therefore always be positioned above the solar water heater collector.2.3.1 Active Solar Water Heating SystemActive Solar Water Heaters rely on electric pumps, and the controllers to circulate water, or other heat-transfer fluids through the collectors. These are the types of Active Solar Water Heating System-Open loop active systems- circulate water directly from the tank through the collectors (Morrison, 2005, p.226). This design is efficient and also can lower operating costs if there is no problem with the water supply because of calcium deposits quickly build up in the collector. Closed loop active systems- the heat transfer fluid is pumped through the collectors, and a heat exchanger is used to transfer heat from the collector loop to the water in the tank (Morrison, 2005, p.227). The two most common closed loop activesystems are-Antifreeze- The heat transfer fluid is usually a glycol-water mixture with the glycol concentration depending on the expected minimum temperature. The glycol is usually food-grade propylene glycol because it is non-toxic.Drainback systems- A type of indirect system, use pump to circulate water through the collectors. The water in the collector loop drains into a reservoir tank when the pumps stop. This makes drainback systems a good choice in colder climates. Drainback systems must be carefully installed to assure that the piping always slopes downward, so that the water will completely drain from the piping. This can be difficult to achieve in some circulation.Active systems are usually more expensive and are less efficient than passive system of antifreeze measures are required. Active systems are more difficult to retrofit in houses that do not have basements because space must be found in house for additional equipment (Morrison, 2005, p.226).2.3.2 Passive Solar Water Heating SystemPassive Solar Water Heaters rely on gravity and the tendency for water to naturally circulate as it is heated. Due to they contai n no electric components, passive systems are generally more reliable, easier to maintain, and possibly have a longer work life than active systems. The two most popular types of passive systems are-Integral-collector storage systems- combine tank and collector into one unit. These systems are simple and effective (Morrison, 2005, p.225). This system is only good in households with daytime and evening hot water needs due to high heat loss at night. The main limitation with this system concept is it is only a pre-heater and must be connected in series with a conventional water heater if a 24 hours hot water supply is required.Thermosyphon systems- an economical and reliable choice, especially in new homes. These systems rely on the natural circulation of water between the collector and the tank or heat exchanger (Morrison, 2005, p. 223). The tank set up must above the collector due to achieve circulation during daytime and also to limit reverse circulation at nighttime. Water which i s heated will rise naturally into the tank and cooler water flows down to the bottom of the collector, causing circulation throughout system.2.4 Pros and Cons of Solar Water Heating System2.4.1 Advantages of Solar Water Heating SystemInstalling a Solar Water Heater is an investment that will save our money for the coming years and it is simple to construct. It is almost free once the equipment is installed because of the fuel for the Solar Water Heater is getting from sun. Energy from the sun is renewable. So, we are protected from electricity bill increment year by year in the future. It is four times cheaper than electricity (Pandey and Banerjee, 1998, p.17). Besides that, it is environment free because it produces no greenhouse gases.Solar Water Heater avoids nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and other air pollutants created when electric water heater is used to heat water. Solar Water Heater reduces pollutants and contribute to a healthier environment Other than t hat, Solar Water Heater is extremely safe and clean. We will feel free from the problem which will occur by electric water heater because Solar Water Heater mostly no maintenance, repair work or cleaning is required. By choosing a Solar Water Heater to heat water in home, it is an intelligent, socially aware and environmentally responsible energy source.2.4.2 Disadvantages of Solar Water Heating SystemAlthough Solar Water Heating System consists of a lot of advantages, but it has its disadvantages also. First of all, Solar Water Heater will doesnt work well on days when it is cloudy, over cast or raining. Besides that, it doesnt work at nighttime. So, it is typically installed with electric water heater to ensure that hot water is supplied when the day is cloudy, overcast, raining or at night. Other than that, Cost of purchase Solar Water Heater is one the most critical issue. The initial cost of Solar Water Heater is high for Malaysian if compare to electric water heater. Many of t he residents will not choose Solar Water heater due to its high initial cost. In addition, appearance of the house will affected due to the collector of Solar Water Heater is being installed on the roof.2.5 Selecting a Solar Water HeaterBefore purchasing and installing a Solar Water Heating System, we are required to do the following-Consider into the economics of a Solar Water Heating SystemConsider into the needs of hot water requiredDetermine the correct size for Solar Water Heating SystemDetermine the energy efficiency of Solar Water Heating SystemEstimate and compare system costs2.6 Method of Installation for Solar Water Heating SystemThe installation of a Solar Water Heater requires skills that overlap many trades. Installer needs to be familiar with plumbing, roofing and electrical. Here will shows the various steps and processes to install a Solar Water Heater. This Solar Water Heating System consists of flat-plate collector, a differential controller, several sensors, a pum p, and various valves.Step 1 Collector MountingBefore start the installation, installer must verify that the roof is suitable for the condition of mounting of the solar collector. Installer has to ensure that the roof tiles are in satisfactory condition and the trusses are adequate to support the collector. In general, there is no problem for installing a solar collector on a traditional roof. Besides that, it is recommended that the solar collector to face to south or within 30 to 45 east or west of due south.The installer needs to locate the trusses that will be use to attach the solar mounting brackets. After installer locates the trusses, he will then makes preparation for the installing of the collector mounting clips. The collector will then attach to the clips. Installer will carefully remove the roof tiles where the mounting clips will be installed. Four mounting clips will be used to support the collector and also to distribute the weight at the four mounting locations. La stly, solar collector installs on the mounting clips.Step 2 Roof Pipe FlashingFirst of all, installer needs to identify and mark down the locations of the piping penetrations. There will be two penetration-collector feed line and collector return line. In gravity drain system, the feed line should penetrate the roof below the collector. Then, make a flat copper flashing with an oversize collar to penetrate the fluid line.Step 3 Piping from Tank to CollectorInstaller will install the pipe that will connect the water heater to the solar connector. Normally, soft copper will be used in the attic run between the tank area components and the collector lines exits at the roof because by using soft copper, installer does not have to solder any fittings in the attic. Pipe hangers will be used in locations to secure the long piping runs. Besides that, insulation will be installed on all attic piping to prevent heat loss.Step 4 Collector Feed line PipingInstaller will measure, cut and fit the pipe fittings for proper length. He will solder the piping and fittings once all of them have been attached correctly.Step 5 Collector Return Line PlumbingInstaller will solder fittings that will accommodate the system air vent. The system can prevent air locks that will restrict flow in the system. Air vent is always install at the high point of system and in a true north vertical position. Then, installer will solder more fitting such as pressure relief valve.Step 6 Storage TankInstaller starts the installation for storage tank. this involves plumbing the water heater for cold service, hot outlet, collector feed and return lines. Installer will place insulation on all exposed piping once the piping has been installed to reduce heat loss during system operation. Lastly, he will set the thermostat on the water heater because although the majority of the how water is produced by solar energy, but when cloudy, overcast or nighttime, the electric elements are always the spare for it.S tep 7 Controller and SensorsInstaller will install controller and sensor for the system. The differential controller is the brains of solar system. It works with two sensors. One of it located at the hottest part of the system which is collector outlet. The other one is located at the coldest part of the system which is the bottom of the tank.Step 8 Pump and ValvesA Solar Water Heating System consists of a variety of components. System pump also called as circulator is a critical component for Solar Water Heating System. Its function is to circulate the fluid from the tank to the collector. Then the fluid gains heat in the solar collector and return to the storage tank. Besides that, check valve, drain valves and isolation valves also the components to install.Step 9 Pipe InsulationThe last step for installation process is pipe insulation. It is to prevent heat loss from the piping, so pipe insulation is installed on both external and internal system piping. After that, installer sh ould provide the owner of the Solar Water Heater a system operation and maintenance manual.2.7 A Comparison between Solar Water Heater and Electric Water HeaterSolartech (Summer)CX Direct Heating*PanasonicDH 3HE1M**PanasonicDH 3HT1M**Type of Water HeaterSolarElectricElectricPower Consumption2.4 KW (back up heating element)3.6 KW3.6 KWSelling Price / unitRM 5,490.00RM 639.00RM 449.00Selling Price (2 units)RM 1,278RM 1,098Initial Cost (selling price + installation cost)RM 5,690.00RM 1428.00RM 1248.00Warranty (full warranty)10 years1 year1 yearOperation Cost / yearRM 170.25RM 1,109.67RM 1,109.67Operation Cost (10 years)RM 1702.50RM 11,096.70RM 11,096.70Total Cost (initial cost + operation cost) for 10 years without maintenance costRM 7,392.50RM 12,374.70RM 12,194.70Environment ImpactfreeCO2CO2Table 2. 1 Comparison between Solar Water Heater and Electric Water Heater* Description is given by Solartech Sales Service Sdn Bhd** Description is given by Pansasonic Malaysia Sdn BhdThe tab le above shows the comparison between Solar Water Heater and Electric Water Heater. In the table, it is shown that the total cost for 10 years, environment impact and their operation cost. Firstly, for family consists of 6 persons considered as the study in the table. They installed 2 units of electric water heater in the toilets for their house or a unit of Solar Water Heater. Their need for hot water is 3 hours per day. Besides that, the study is estimating the total cost for 10 years.2.7.1 Total Cost MethodIntention in this study is to let the operation time (N) of a system be variable to find the operation life of the systems. The total cost will be adapted in the study because it allows the comparison between the systems for 10 years time. In general, the total cost of a system can be expressed as the following equationTotal Cost = Initial Cost + Operation Cost( 10years)2.7.1.1 Operation Cost (OC)For Electric Water Heater, operation cost is the electrical bill cost over the yea r to provide hot water needs of the family consists of 6 persons. But for Solar Water Heater, the operation cost is yearly electrical bill cost for the back up heating system.OCSWH = 12 months x NOCD x NOHs x price of electricity (RM/KWh)Where, OCSWH operation cost of Solar Water Heater NOCD number of cloudy day per month NOHS number of hours switched back up heating system.OCEWH = 365 days x NOH x price of electricity (RM/KWh)Where, OCEWH operation cost of Electric Water Heater NOH number of hours electricity is used to provide hot water.2.7.2 Summary of the values of the parameterSolartech (Summer)CX Direct HeatingPanasonicDH 3HE1M (2 units)PanasonicDH 3HT1M (2 units)Initial Cost = RM 5,690.00OC = 12 months x NOCD x NOHs x price ofelectricity (RM/KWh)= 12 months x 7 days/month x 3 hours x (2.4 KW x (RM 0.218 + RM 0.345)/2)= RM 170.25Total Cost = Initial Cost + (OC x 10 years)= RM 5,690.00 + (RM 170.25 x 10)= RM 7,392.50Initial Cost = RM 1,278.00OC = 365 days x NOH x price of el ectricity (RM/KWh)= 365 days x 3 hours x (3.6 KW x (RM 0.218 + RM 0.345)/2)= RM 1,109.67Total Cost = Initial Cost + (OC x 10 years)= RM 1,278.00 + (RM 1,109.67 x 10)= RM 12,374.70Initial Cost = RM 1,098.00OC = 365 days x NOH x price of electricity (RM/KWh)= 365 days x 3 hours x (3.6 KW x (RM 0.218 + RM 0.345)/2)= RM 1,109.67Total Cost = Initial Cost + (OC x 10 years)= RM 1,098.00 + (RM 1,109.67 x 10)= RM 12,194.70Table 2. 2 Summary of the values of the paramaterFrom the table above, it is shown that Solar Water Heater is more economical and more attractive than the Electric Water Heater in long term. It is better for the family to use Solar Water Heater when compared to Electrical Water Heater. Besides that, it is more benefits to install Solar Water Heater because of long term economical benefits, environment friendly and a way to avoid from the problem of increasing electricity bill and increasing family size.ReferencesOng, K. S. 1994. Solar Water Heater. Perpustakaan Negara Malay sia University of Malaya.Gordon, J. 2005. Solar Enegy The State of The Art. London James James (Science Publishers) Ltd.Ondrey, G. 2009. Solars Second Coming. Chemical Engineering. pg. 18.Pandey, J. L. and Banerjee M. K. 1998. Energy Conservation with the Use of Solar Selective Coatings. Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials. 45(1), pp. 16-24.Davidson, Jane, Wood and Byard. 1996. Solar Hot Water for the Home. Mechanical Engineering. pg. 60.European Journal of Scientific Research. 2009. Economics of Domestic Solar Hot Water Heating Systems in Malaysia. 26(1), pp. 20-28Progress ReportTask to be completedSecond Year Semester 1 (Week)July 05, 2009 July 11, 2009July 12, 2009 July 18, 2009July 19, 2009 July 25, 2009July 26, 2009 Aug 01, 2009Aug 02, 2009 Aug 08, 2009Aug 09, 2009 Aug 15, 2009Aug 16, 2009 Aug 22, 2009Aug 23, 2009 Aug 29, 2009Confirm TitleFinalise Proposal1.0 Introduction2.0 Literature reviewProposed Work ScheduleActual Work ScheduleTask to be completedSecond Year Sem ester 1 (Week)July 05, 2009 July 11, 2009July 12, 2009 July 18, 2009July 19, 2009 July 25, 2009July 26, 2009 Aug 01, 2009Aug 02, 2009 Aug 08, 2009Aug 09, 2009 Aug 15, 2009Aug 16, 2009 Aug 22, 2009Aug 23, 2009 Aug 29, 2009Confirm TitleFinalise Proposal1.0 Introduction2.0 Literature reviewEvery element had been done on time according to the proposed work progress except Chapter 1 Introduction. It should be done before August 01, 2009, but in stead it was done on August 22, 2009. The reason for the delay because of Introduction is revised proposal, so I decided to postpone it until the same with the date of completion for literature review.For Literature Review, I started it a week earlier than the proposed work schedule due to I need longer time to search information from TARC library and internet. Besides that, I also needed to get the quotation from supplier so that I started my literature review earlier. Luckily, everything in progress and I finished my literature review on time. My supervisor, Mr. Teh Bin Sin checked my works on August 20, 2009 and I printed out all the chapters for interim submission.Report on Changes InvolvedDate (Week)Issue of ChangesIssue of AmendmentJuly 05, 2009 July 11,2009Project TitleA Comparison between Solar Water Heating System and Electric Water Heaterchanged toA Study into Solar Water Heating System in Malaysian HomesThe project title changed because A Study into Solar Water Heating System in Malaysian Homes is more specific and to fulfill requirement of supervisor.July 26, 2009 August 01, 2009ObjectivesTo compare the initial cost, price, durability, maintenance cost and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heaterchanged toTo compare the initial cost, price, durability, and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heaterDue to the comment from supplier, which is maintenance cost is difficult to calculate or estimate for the following 10 years for water heater , so I decided to take out the comparison of maintenance cost in objective.