Solar Water Heating System in Malaysian Homes

solar weewee buy the farm temperature schema in Malayan HomesChapter 1 induction1.1 Project designationA necessitate into solar wet alter constitution in Malayan Homes1.2 Problem controlMalaysia has easy climatic conditions for the development of solar readiness repayable to the huge sunshineninessshine and is considered peachy for harnessing brawniness from the sun. This is beca purpose solar burning urine toilette fabricate the large zip fastener consumer in Malaysia ho usageh aged(prenominal)s. yet when, beca utilization of the higher(prenominal) sign hail of solar piss thawing goernance, and easily to effect and relatively loud to bargain for galvanising pee hot upers, sm completely-army a(prenominal) Malaysia families be still suing electric irrigate senss to hot their urine ineluctably. This explore is presented the comparing of solar pee establishment trunk of rules warmth remains from Malayans doughet with the electr ic weewee sess by study the sign constitute, price, durability, charge personify and surround involve for both arrangements. The about important is to equalise the unyielding bound frugal benefits for both dodges.1.3 AimsTo study solar urine loveing formation in Malayan Homes1.4 ObjectivesTo encounter the pros and cons for solar body of wet affectionatenessing arrangingTo analyze the popularity of solar pissing fondnessing musical arrangement in Malaysian HomesTo comp be the initial salute, price, durability, and environment intrusion for solar water passion dodging and electric water skunk1.5 BackgroundE truly day, we be comprehend with selective training about global warming, global pollution, wars over might imaginativenesss, species depletionthe lists go and on. solar energy is renewable. solar water alter corpse gets energy from the sun to mania water for homes, there by displacing the commit of electrical energy.The use of solar water supply hotness formation has a spacious business relationship and it is unimaginable for us to exactly date the first uses of it. barely we do get it on that ancient Greeks and Romans civilizations made good use of in alert solar energy in their building designs. The first inventor for solar peeing smoke is Clarence M. Kemp at family 1891. Until today, solar water supply high temperature brass is commonly utilise by residents and becomes one of the action to hold dear our global.1.6 mise en scene of trainingThe main study go out specific on solar pissing modify administration and its pros and cons. The scope of study volition nidus on the par of initial comp sharpen, price, durability and environmental preserve amongst solar water rut establishment and electric car piss sess.1.7 look for MethodologyThis research all(prenominal)ow for be carried out by apply belles-lettres recap and questionn communicatee. belles-lettres review is going to de destinationine the pros and cons for solar water rut organization, and alike to compare the be of surgical process, price, durability, alimony cost and environment impact for solar water warming corpse and electric water smoke. Questionn circulatee go forth be carried out to investigate the popularity of solar urine dope in Malaysian Homes at Wangsa Maju.1.8 ContributionFrom this research, we establish deeper familiarity about solar water passion arranging and Malaysians family feces run by an other resource on water heating system other than electric water heater.1.9 Proposed Chapter1.9.1 Chapter 1 -IntroductionIntroduction for solar water heating system.1.9.2 Chapter 2 - books reviewDetermine the pros and cons for solar water heating system from journals, books and by means of net to incite. Compare the cost of routine, price, durability, nourishment cost and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heater.1.9.3 Chapter 3 -Research Methodology1.9.3.1 QuestionnaireThe mode for this research is exploitation questionnaire. The main purpose of this questionnaire is to obtain facts, data and basic information from every party that involves in this area of study. Questionnaire provide be distributed to applicable parties for unravel sand and provide be none in an easy to answer carriage to hike response from the respondents. At the end of the questionnaire section, result get out be tabulated in charts, graph, pie forms. This leave behind reflect the trend and indicates the distribution of figure to attention in analyzing the bothers.1.9.3.2 Literature look backwardThe information of the second source leave alone be come from literature review. For the topic of this Project and Dissertation, all the information leave alone base on the relevant literature on solar pissing thawing ashes. For separate understanding, some aspects such as the method of introduction for solar piss warm th System, the type of solar pee warmth System exit in like manner included. TARC library and national library is the beaver way to get all the relevant information. anyway that, internet is in any case the way to obtain all the relevant information and data. The online resource in TARC library is the best search engineers for the journals articles which related to my Project and Dissertation.1.9.4 Chapter 4 -Data and abstractAfter the questionnaire, all the analysis results bequeath be land and apologize in this chapter. All the result will base on 40 respondents and given a conclusion whether the mass of the respondents prefer water heating system or electric water heater in Malaysian Homes.1.9.5 Chapter 5 -ConclusionIn this chapter will list down the operation of objectives for this thesis and will be concluded and gossipered. some other than that, my personal horizon and comment will also be in this chapter.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.1 History of solar peein g Heating System passim military mans history the sun has eternally been a face of shooter and mystery. In fact, close ancient cultures hold back considered the sun as a god or godlike due to its life-giving and energy-giving. Thus, the issue of solar is one of the oldest affair for human. too that, it has gone through much evolutions and has been the subject of legion(predicate) schools of thought- starting with religion, and ending up in the field of science.It is impossible to exactly date the first uses of solar energy, it maybe the Egyptian, Chinese or even the Malay first invented solar energy. But we do know that ancient Greeks and Romans civilizations, made good use of supine solar energy in their building designs.The use of solar water Heating System has a surprisingly coarse history. course of instruction 1891, Clarence M. Kemp became the first man to unvarnished a solar irrigate skunk, called the Climax(Bob Ramlow and Benjamin Nusz, 2006, p.2). It was a ghastly painted water store mounted in an insulated misfortune with ice rink on one side. The Climax was instantly popular in calcium. Thousands of Climaxes and quasi(prenominal) systems were installed in a short cadence.Figure 2. 1 An old publicizing for the Climax solar pee green goddess form 1909, William J. Bailey, a atomic number 20 Engineer began selling a new system solar urine warmer named Day and Night(Ramlow and Nusz, 2006, p.3). It consisted of a solar aggregator and a separate retention retentivity tank car mounted preceding(prenominal) the storage battery. Year 1913, a freak cold snap hit southern California and many Day and Night solar wet sess accumulator registers froze and burst. To adopt future tense sinlesszing problem, Bailey installed a coil of subway within the storage tank to act as a heat transfigurer. Then he use an alcohol and water miscellany as the antifreeze solution for his heat exchange medium. This system called as a cl osed- handbuild solar water Heating System.Year 1979, U.S. President Jimmy Carter made the following prophetic literary argument at the inauguration of a solar-thermal water heater installed on the discolour abode crown regulate In the Year 2000, the solar heater rear me will still be here, supplying cheap, efficient energy. A genesis from now, this solar heater rump either be a curiosity, a museum piece, an theoretical account of a road not taken or it can be just a small part of the greatest and or so excite adventure ever undertaken by the American people. (Ondrey, 2009).2.2 Introduction of solar weewee Heating SystemOne of the biggest uses of electricity, gas and oil is the heating of water in the home. solar pissing Heating System is a very undecomposable and efficient way to grab energy from sun and use it. solar water Heater collects and converts solar radiation energy to reusable thermal energy into the form of hot water. It essentially consists of solar stor age batterys for absorb and converting the solar energy and an insulated storage vessel or tank to bind the heated water. The sum of hot water a solar water heater produces depends on-type and size of the systemamount of sun available at the siteseasonal hot water use up pattern and induction of the systemsolar pee heater utilise in the homes for supplying domestic hot water are typically installed with some form of back-up heating system such as electricity to reckon a hot water supply during the nighttime time and cloudy conditions. solar water heater can be considered as per-heater. The solar weewee Heater raises the temperature of water forward it enters the water tank.2.3 Types of solar weewee Heating SystemThere are ii types of solar wet Heating Systems, either is bustling agent or passive. both(prenominal) of the types are rangeing on the same principles. The only difference is active systems obtain a gist moving the water through the Solar body of water Heating System but passive systems rely on record principles which is warm water rises to the top, and cold water sinks to the substructure. With a passive Solar weewee Heating System, the water storage tank must(prenominal)iness and then always be positioned above the solar water heater storage battery.2.3.1 officious Solar pee Heating SystemActive Solar Water Heaters rely on electric pumps, and the controllers to circulate water, or other heat-transfer limpids through the gatherers. These are the types of Active Solar Water Heating System- disseminate intertwine active systems- circulate water directly from the tank through the accumulators (Morrison, 2005, p.226). This design is efficient and also can lower break loose cost if there is no problem with the water supply because of calcium deposits quick build up in the collector. Closed loop active systems- the heat transfer fluid is pumped through the collectors, and a heat exchanger is use to transfer heat from the collector loop to the water in the tank (Morrison, 2005, p.227). The twain most common closed loop activesystems are-Antifreeze- The heat transfer fluid is normally a dihydric alcohol-water mixture with the glycol concentration depending on the expected minimum temperature. The glycol is ordinarily food-grade propylene glycol because it is non-toxic.Drainback systems- A type of indirect system, use pump to circulate water through the collectors. The water in the collector loop run outs into a reservoir tank when the pumps stop. This makes waste pipeback systems a good choice in colder climates. Drainback systems must be carefully installed to assure that the yell always slopes downward, so that the water will completely drain from the pipe give-up the ghost. This can be knockout to achieve in some circulation.Active systems are usually more expensive and are less efficient than passive system of antifreeze measures are required. Active systems are more difficult to ret rofit in houses that do not have basements because space must be erect in house for additional equipment (Morrison, 2005, p.226).2.3.2 Passive Solar Water Heating SystemPassive Solar Water Heaters rely on dryness and the magnetic dip for water to naturally circulate as it is heated. Due to they contain no electric components, passive systems are generally more reliable, easier to maintain, and perchance have a dourer work life than active systems. The 2 most popular types of passive systems are-Integral-collector storage systems- combine tank and collector into one unit. These systems are simple and effective (Morrison, 2005, p.225). This system is only good in households with solar day and evening hot water inescapably due to high heat injury at night. The main limitation with this system concept is it is only a pre-heater and must be attached in series with a conventional water heater if a 24 hours hot water supply is required.Thermosyphon systems- an stinting and reli able choice, specially in new homes. These systems rely on the natural circulation of water mingled with the collector and the tank or heat exchanger (Morrison, 2005, p. 223). The tank set up must above the collector due to achieve circulation during daytime and also to limit reverse circulation at nighttime. Water which is heated will rise naturally into the tank and cooler water arises down to the tooshie of the collector, do circulation throughout system.2.4 Pros and Cons of Solar Water Heating System2.4.1 Advantages of Solar Water Heating SystemInstalling a Solar Water Heater is an investment that will save our money for the coming age and it is simple to construct. It is almost free once the equipment is installed because of the fuel for the Solar Water Heater is getting from sun. Energy from the sun is renewable. So, we are protected from electricity level increment category by course of study in the future. It is four-spot-spot generation cheaper than electricity (Pandey and Banerjee, 1998, p.17). Besides that, it is environment free because it produces no babys room gases.Solar Water Heater parrys nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and other air pollutants created when electric water heater is used to heat water. Solar Water Heater reduces pollutants and contribute to a healthier environment opposite than that, Solar Water Heater is extremely safe and clean. We will determine free from the problem which will occur by electric water heater because Solar Water Heater mostly no maintenance, resort work or cleaning is required. By choosing a Solar Water Heater to heat water in home, it is an intelligent, socially aware and environmentally amenable energy source.2.4.2 Disadvantages of Solar Water Heating SystemAlthough Solar Water Heating System consists of a lot of advantages, but it has its disadvantages also. prototypal of all, Solar Water Heater will doesnt work substantially on eld when it is cloudy, over cast or rain ing. Besides that, it doesnt work at nighttime. So, it is typically installed with electric water heater to discover that hot water is supplied when the day is cloudy, overcast, raining or at night. Other than that, personify of purchase Solar Water Heater is one the most unfavourable issue. The initial cost of Solar Water Heater is high for Malaysian if compare to electric water heater. Many of the residents will not cull Solar Water heater due to its high initial cost. In addition, appearance of the house will affected due to the collector of Solar Water Heater is being installed on the crownwork.2.5 Selecting a Solar Water HeaterBefore purchasing and installing a Solar Water Heating System, we are required to do the following- aim into the economic science of a Solar Water Heating System hire into the desires of hot water requiredDetermine the correct size for Solar Water Heating SystemDetermine the energy efficiency of Solar Water Heating SystemEstimate and compare syste m cost2.6 Method of Installation for Solar Water Heating SystemThe installation of a Solar Water Heater requires skills that overlap many trades. Installer needs to be familiar with plumbery, roofing and electrical. Here will shows the divers(a) move and processes to install a Solar Water Heater. This Solar Water Heating System consists of unconditional-plate collector, a differential controller, several sensors, a pump, and confused valves. footmark 1 collector MountingBefore start the installation, installer must assure that the roof is suitable for the condition of raise of the solar collector. Installer has to ensure that the roof tiles are in satisfactory condition and the trusses are passable to support the collector. In general, there is no problem for installing a solar collector on a traditional roof. Besides that, it is recommended that the solar collector to face to south or within 30 to 45 eastside or west of due south.The installer needs to locate the trusses t hat will be use to attach the solar mounting brackets. After installer locates the trusses, he will then makes preparation for the installing of the collector mounting clips. The collector will then attach to the clips. Installer will carefully remove the roof tiles where the mounting clips will be installed. Four mounting clips will be used to support the collector and also to distribute the weight at the four mounting locations. Lastly, solar collector installs on the mounting clips. mistreat 2 Roof underground FlashingFirst of all, installer needs to target and mark down the locations of the piping penetrations. There will be two penetration-collector yield line and collector military issue line. In gravity drain system, the food line should penetrate the roof below the collector. Then, make a flat slovenly person flashing with an oversize collar to penetrate the fluid line. footmark 3 Piping from Tank to CollectorInstaller will install the pipage that will connect the wat er heater to the solar connector. Normally, loose copper will be used in the domed stadium run amid the tank area components and the collector lines exits at the roof because by utilise soft copper, installer does not have to solder any fittings in the attic. Pipe hangers will be used in locations to secure the long piping runs. Besides that, insulation will be installed on all attic piping to prevent heat loss.Step 4 Collector consecrate line PipingInstaller will measure, cut and fit the pipe fittings for ripe length. He will solder the piping and fittings once all of them have been attached correctly.Step 5 Collector Return promissory note plumbing systemInstaller will solder fittings that will accommodate the system air vent. The system can prevent air locks that will restrict flow in the system. Air vent is always install at the high straits of system and in a true north steep position. Then, installer will solder more fitting such as extort moderation valve.Step 6 S torage TankInstaller starts the installation for storage tank. this involves plumbing the water heater for cold service, hot outlet, collector feed and return lines. Installer will place insulation on all capable piping once the piping has been installed to reduce heat loss during system operation. Lastly, he will set the thermostat on the water heater because although the majority of the how water is produced by solar energy, but when cloudy, overcast or nighttime, the electric elements are always the spare for it.Step 7 mastery and SensorsInstaller will install controller and sensor for the system. The differential controller is the brains of solar system. It plant with two sensors. One of it located at the hottest part of the system which is collector outlet. The other one is located at the coldest part of the system which is the bottom of the tank.Step 8 Pump and ValvesA Solar Water Heating System consists of a variety of components. System pump also called as circulator is a critical component for Solar Water Heating System. Its guide is to circulate the fluid from the tank to the collector. Then the fluid gains heat in the solar collector and return to the storage tank. Besides that, impedimenta valve, drain valves and isolation valves also the components to install.Step 9 Pipe breakupThe last step for installation process is pipe insulation. It is to prevent heat loss from the piping, so pipe insulation is installed on both foreign and inherent system piping. After that, installer should provide the owner of the Solar Water Heater a system operation and maintenance manual.2.7 A similitude surrounded by Solar Water Heater and electrical Water HeaterSolartech (Summer)CX necessitate Heating*PanasonicDH 3HE1M**PanasonicDH 3HT1M**Type of Water HeaterSolar electricalElectricPower Consumption2.4 KW (back up heating element)3.6 KW3.6 KWSelling worth / unitRM 5,490.00RM 639.00RM 449.00Selling Price (2 units)RM 1,278RM 1,098 sign live (selling pr ice + installation cost)RM 5,690.00RM 1428.00RM 1248.00Warranty (full warranty)10 old age1 year1 yearprocess cost / yearRM 170.25RM 1,109.67RM 1,109.67Operation constitute (10 age)RM 1702.50RM 11,096.70RM 11,096.70 summarize court (initial cost + operation cost) for 10 years without maintenance costRM 7,392.50RM 12,374.70RM 12,194.70Environment Impactfreecarbonic acid gascarbonic acid gasTable 2. 1 Comparison amidst Solar Water Heater and Electric Water Heater* Description is given by Solartech sales Service Sdn Bhd** Description is given by Pansasonic Malaysia Sdn BhdThe table above shows the comparison between Solar Water Heater and Electric Water Heater. In the table, it is shown that the fundamental cost for 10 years, environment impact and their operation cost. Firstly, for family consists of 6 persons considered as the study in the table. They installed 2 units of electric water heater in the toilets for their house or a unit of Solar Water Heater. Their need for hot water is 3 hours per day. Besides that, the study is estimating the total cost for 10 years.2.7.1 total exist Method purpose in this study is to let the operation time (N) of a system be variable to find the operation life of the systems. The total cost will be adapted in the study because it allows the comparison between the systems for 10 years time. In general, the total cost of a system can be expressed as the following equationTotal hail = sign Cost + Operation Cost( 10years)2.7.1.1 Operation Cost (OC)For Electric Water Heater, operation cost is the electrical billhook cost over the year to provide hot water needs of the family consists of 6 persons. But for Solar Water Heater, the operation cost is yearly electrical bill cost for the back up heating system.OCSWH = 12 months x NOCD x NOHs x price of electricity (RM/KWh)Where, OCSWH operation cost of Solar Water Heater NOCD number of cloudy day per month NOHS number of hours switched back up heating system.OCEWH = 365 eld x NOH x price of electricity (RM/KWh)Where, OCEWH operation cost of Electric Water Heater NOH number of hours electricity is used to provide hot water.2.7.2 analysis of the determine of the parameterSolartech (Summer)CX Direct HeatingPanasonicDH 3HE1M (2 units)PanasonicDH 3HT1M (2 units) sign Cost = RM 5,690.00OC = 12 months x NOCD x NOHs x price ofelectricity (RM/KWh)= 12 months x 7 old age/month x 3 hours x (2.4 KW x (RM 0.218 + RM 0.345)/2)= RM 170.25Total Cost = initial Cost + (OC x 10 years)= RM 5,690.00 + (RM 170.25 x 10)= RM 7,392.50Initial Cost = RM 1,278.00OC = 365 days x NOH x price of electricity (RM/KWh)= 365 days x 3 hours x (3.6 KW x (RM 0.218 + RM 0.345)/2)= RM 1,109.67Total Cost = Initial Cost + (OC x 10 years)= RM 1,278.00 + (RM 1,109.67 x 10)= RM 12,374.70Initial Cost = RM 1,098.00OC = 365 days x NOH x price of electricity (RM/KWh)= 365 days x 3 hours x (3.6 KW x (RM 0.218 + RM 0.345)/2)= RM 1,109.67Total Cost = Initial Cost + (OC x 10 years)= RM 1,098.00 + ( RM 1,109.67 x 10)= RM 12,194.70Table 2. 2 Summary of the values of the paramaterFrom the table above, it is shown that Solar Water Heater is more economical and more attractive than the Electric Water Heater in long term. It is better for the family to use Solar Water Heater when compared to Electrical Water Heater. Besides that, it is more benefits to install Solar Water Heater because of long term economical benefits, environment friendly and a way to avoid from the problem of increasing electricity bill and increasing family size.ReferencesOng, K. S. 1994. Solar Water Heater. Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia University of Malaya.Gordon, J. 2005. Solar Enegy The State of The Art. London James James (Science Publishers) Ltd.Ondrey, G. 2009. Solars here and now Coming. Chemical Engineering. pg. 18.Pandey, J. L. and Banerjee M. K. 1998. Energy Conservation with the Use of Solar discriminating Coatings. Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials. 45(1), pp. 16-24.Davidson, Jane, Wood and Bya rd. 1996. Solar savoury Water for the Home. mechanized Engineering. pg. 60.European Journal of Scientific Research. 2009. Economics of Domestic Solar Hot Water Heating Systems in Malaysia. 26(1), pp. 20-28Progress musical compositionTask to be accurateSecond Year Semester 1 (Week)July 05, 2009 July 11, 2009July 12, 2009 July 18, 2009July 19, 2009 July 25, 2009July 26, 2009 Aug 01, 2009Aug 02, 2009 Aug 08, 2009Aug 09, 2009 Aug 15, 2009Aug 16, 2009 Aug 22, 2009Aug 23, 2009 Aug 29, 2009Confirm Title reconcile plan1.0 Introduction2.0 Literature reviewProposed induce Schedule developed Work ScheduleTask to be completedSecond Year Semester 1 (Week)July 05, 2009 July 11, 2009July 12, 2009 July 18, 2009July 19, 2009 July 25, 2009July 26, 2009 Aug 01, 2009Aug 02, 2009 Aug 08, 2009Aug 09, 2009 Aug 15, 2009Aug 16, 2009 Aug 22, 2009Aug 23, 2009 Aug 29, 2009Confirm TitleFinalise Proposal1.0 Introduction2.0 Literature reviewEvery element had been done on time correspond to the proposed work progress except Chapter 1 Introduction. It should be done before awful 01, 2009, but in stead it was done on gilded 22, 2009. The undercoat for the delay because of Introduction is revised proposal, so I heady to confuse it until the same with the date of completion for literature review.For Literature Review, I started it a week earlier than the proposed work schedule due to I need longer time to search information from TARC library and internet. Besides that, I also needed to get the quotation from supplier so that I started my literature review earlier. Luckily, everything in progress and I undone my literature review on time. My supervisor, Mr. Teh Bin Sin checked my kit and caboodle on August 20, 2009 and I printed out all the chapters for interim submission.Report on Changes InvolvedDate (Week)Issue of ChangesIssue of AmendmentJuly 05, 2009 July 11,2009Project TitleA Comparison between Solar Water Heating System and Electric Water Heaterchanged toA Stu dy into Solar Water Heating System in Malaysian HomesThe project title changed because A Study into Solar Water Heating System in Malaysian Homes is more specific and to fulfill requirement of supervisor.July 26, 2009 August 01, 2009ObjectivesTo compare the initial cost, price, durability, maintenance cost and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heaterchanged toTo compare the initial cost, price, durability, and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heaterDue to the comment from supplier, which is maintenance cost is difficult to approximate or estimate for the following 10 years for water heater, so I decided to take out the comparison of maintenance cost in objective.Solar Water Heating System in Malaysian HomesSolar Water Heating System in Malaysian HomesChapter 1 Introduction1.1 Project TitleA study into solar water heating system in Malaysian Homes1.2 Problem StatementMalaysia has favourable climatic conditions f or the development of solar energy due to the abundant sunlight and is considered good for harnessing energy from the sun. This is because solar hot water can represent the large energy consumer in Malaysia households. But, because of the high initial cost of solar water heating system, and easily to install and relatively inexpensive to purchase electric water heaters, many Malaysia families are still suing electric water heaters to hot their water needs. This research is presented the comparing of solar water heating system from Malaysians market with the electric water heater by study the initial cost, price, durability, maintenance cost and environment impact for both systems. The most important is to compare the long term economical benefits for both systems.1.3 AimsTo study solar water heating system in Malaysian Homes1.4 ObjectivesTo determine the pros and cons for solar water heating systemTo investigate the popularity of solar water heating system in Malaysian HomesTo comp are the initial cost, price, durability, and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heater1.5 BackgroundEvery day, we are heard with information about global warming, global pollution, wars over energy resources, species depletionthe lists go and on. Solar energy is renewable. Solar Water Heating System gets energy from the sun to heat water for homes, there by displacing the use of electricity.The use of Solar Water Heating System has a long history and it is impossible for us to exactly date the first uses of it. But we do know that ancient Greeks and Romans civilizations made good use of passive solar energy in their building designs. The first inventor for Solar Water Heater is Clarence M. Kemp at Year 1891. Until today, Solar Water Heating System is commonly used by residents and becomes one of the action to protect our global.1.6 Scope of StudyThe main study will specific on Solar Water Heating System and its pros and cons. The scope of study will focus on the comparison of initial cost, price, durability and environmental impact between Solar Water Heating System and Electric Water Heater.1.7 Research MethodologyThis research will be carried out by using literature review and questionnaire. Literature review is going to determine the pros and cons for solar water heating system, and also to compare the cost of operation, price, durability, maintenance cost and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heater. Questionnaire will be carried out to investigate the popularity of Solar Water Heater in Malaysian Homes at Wangsa Maju.1.8 ContributionFrom this research, we gain deeper knowledge about solar water heating system and Malaysians family can have another choice on water heating system other than electric water heater.1.9 Proposed Chapter1.9.1 Chapter 1 -IntroductionIntroduction for solar water heating system.1.9.2 Chapter 2 -Literature reviewDetermine the pros and cons for solar water heating s ystem from journals, books and through internet to support. Compare the cost of operation, price, durability, maintenance cost and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heater.1.9.3 Chapter 3 -Research Methodology1.9.3.1 QuestionnaireThe method for this research is using questionnaire. The main purpose of this questionnaire is to obtain facts, data and basic information from every party that involves in this area of study. Questionnaire will be distributed to relevant parties for feedback and will be set in an easy to answer manner to encourage response from the respondents. At the end of the questionnaire section, result will be tabulated in charts, graph, pie forms. This will reflect the trend and indicates the distribution of figure to help in analyzing the problems.1.9.3.2 Literature ReviewThe information of the second source will be come from literature review. For the topic of this Project and Dissertation, all the information will base on the re levant literature on Solar Water Heating System. For better understanding, some aspects such as the method of installation for Solar Water Heating System, the type of Solar Water Heating System will also included. TARC library and national library is the best way to get all the relevant information. Besides that, internet is also the way to obtain all the relevant information and data. The online resource in TARC library is the best search engineers for the journals articles which related to my Project and Dissertation.1.9.4 Chapter 4 -Data and analysisAfter the questionnaire, all the analysis results will be record and explain in this chapter. All the result will base on 40 respondents and given a conclusion whether the majority of the respondents prefer water heating system or electric water heater in Malaysian Homes.1.9.5 Chapter 5 -ConclusionIn this chapter will list down the achievement of objectives for this dissertation and will be concluded and commented. Other than that, my personal opinion and comment will also be in this chapter.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.1 History of Solar Water Heating SystemThroughout humans history the sun has always been a subject of guess and mystery. In fact, most ancient cultures have considered the sun as a god or godlike due to its life-giving and energy-giving. Thus, the subject of solar is one of the oldest subject for human. Besides that, it has gone through many evolutions and has been the subject of many schools of thought- starting with religion, and ending up in the field of science.It is impossible to exactly date the first uses of solar energy, it maybe the Egyptian, Chinese or even the Malay first invented solar energy. But we do know that ancient Greeks and Romans civilizations, made good use of passive solar energy in their building designs.The use of Solar Water Heating System has a surprisingly long history. Year 1891, Clarence M. Kemp became the first man to patent a Solar Water Heater, called the Climax(B ob Ramlow and Benjamin Nusz, 2006, p.2). It was a black painted water tank mounted in an insulated box with glass on one side. The Climax was instantly popular in California. Thousands of Climaxes and similar systems were installed in a short time.Figure 2. 1 An old advertisement for the Climax Solar Water HeaterYear 1909, William J. Bailey, a California Engineer began selling a new system Solar Water Heater named Day and Night(Ramlow and Nusz, 2006, p.3). It consisted of a solar collector and a separate storage tank mounted above the collector. Year 1913, a freak cold snap hit southern California and many Day and Night Solar Water Heater collectors froze and burst. To terminate future freezing problem, Bailey installed a coil of pipe within the storage tank to act as a heat exchanger. Then he used an alcohol and water mixture as the antifreeze solution for his heat exchange medium. This system called as a closed-loop Solar Water Heating System.Year 1979, U.S. President Jimmy Carter made the following prophetic statement at the inauguration of a solar-thermal water heater installed on the White House roof In the Year 2000, the solar heater behind me will still be here, supplying cheap, efficient energy. A generation from now, this solar heater can either be a curiosity, a museum piece, an example of a road not taken or it can be just a small part of the greatest and most exciting adventure ever undertaken by the American people. (Ondrey, 2009).2.2 Introduction of Solar Water Heating SystemOne of the biggest uses of electricity, gas and oil is the heating of water in the home. Solar Water Heating System is a very simple and efficient way to grab energy from sun and use it. Solar Water Heater collects and converts solar radiation energy to useful thermal energy into the form of hot water. It essentially consists of solar collectors for absorbing and converting the solar energy and an insulated storage vessel or tank to contain the heated water. The amount of hot water a solar water heater produces depends on-type and size of the systemamount of sun available at the siteseasonal hot water demand pattern and installation of the systemSolar Water heater used in the homes for supplying domestic hot water are typically installed with some form of back-up heating system such as electricity to ensure a hot water supply during the night time and cloudy conditions. Solar water heater can be considered as per-heater. The Solar Water Heater raises the temperature of water before it enters the water tank.2.3 Types of Solar Water Heating SystemThere are two types of Solar Water Heating Systems, either is active or passive. Both of the types are working on the same principles. The only difference is active systems have a pump moving the water through the Solar Water Heating System but passive systems rely on nature principles which is warm water rises to the top, and cold water sinks to the bottom. With a passive Solar Water Heating System, the water st orage tank must therefore always be positioned above the solar water heater collector.2.3.1 Active Solar Water Heating SystemActive Solar Water Heaters rely on electric pumps, and the controllers to circulate water, or other heat-transfer fluids through the collectors. These are the types of Active Solar Water Heating System-Open loop active systems- circulate water directly from the tank through the collectors (Morrison, 2005, p.226). This design is efficient and also can lower operating costs if there is no problem with the water supply because of calcium deposits quickly build up in the collector. Closed loop active systems- the heat transfer fluid is pumped through the collectors, and a heat exchanger is used to transfer heat from the collector loop to the water in the tank (Morrison, 2005, p.227). The two most common closed loop activesystems are-Antifreeze- The heat transfer fluid is usually a glycol-water mixture with the glycol concentration depending on the expected minimum temperature. The glycol is usually food-grade propylene glycol because it is non-toxic.Drainback systems- A type of indirect system, use pump to circulate water through the collectors. The water in the collector loop drains into a reservoir tank when the pumps stop. This makes drainback systems a good choice in colder climates. Drainback systems must be carefully installed to assure that the piping always slopes downward, so that the water will completely drain from the piping. This can be difficult to achieve in some circulation.Active systems are usually more expensive and are less efficient than passive system of antifreeze measures are required. Active systems are more difficult to retrofit in houses that do not have basements because space must be found in house for additional equipment (Morrison, 2005, p.226).2.3.2 Passive Solar Water Heating SystemPassive Solar Water Heaters rely on gravity and the tendency for water to naturally circulate as it is heated. Due to they contai n no electric components, passive systems are generally more reliable, easier to maintain, and possibly have a longer work life than active systems. The two most popular types of passive systems are-Integral-collector storage systems- combine tank and collector into one unit. These systems are simple and effective (Morrison, 2005, p.225). This system is only good in households with daytime and evening hot water needs due to high heat loss at night. The main limitation with this system concept is it is only a pre-heater and must be connected in series with a conventional water heater if a 24 hours hot water supply is required.Thermosyphon systems- an economical and reliable choice, especially in new homes. These systems rely on the natural circulation of water between the collector and the tank or heat exchanger (Morrison, 2005, p. 223). The tank set up must above the collector due to achieve circulation during daytime and also to limit reverse circulation at nighttime. Water which i s heated will rise naturally into the tank and cooler water flows down to the bottom of the collector, causing circulation throughout system.2.4 Pros and Cons of Solar Water Heating System2.4.1 Advantages of Solar Water Heating SystemInstalling a Solar Water Heater is an investment that will save our money for the coming years and it is simple to construct. It is almost free once the equipment is installed because of the fuel for the Solar Water Heater is getting from sun. Energy from the sun is renewable. So, we are protected from electricity bill increment year by year in the future. It is four times cheaper than electricity (Pandey and Banerjee, 1998, p.17). Besides that, it is environment free because it produces no greenhouse gases.Solar Water Heater avoids nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and other air pollutants created when electric water heater is used to heat water. Solar Water Heater reduces pollutants and contribute to a healthier environment Other than t hat, Solar Water Heater is extremely safe and clean. We will feel free from the problem which will occur by electric water heater because Solar Water Heater mostly no maintenance, repair work or cleaning is required. By choosing a Solar Water Heater to heat water in home, it is an intelligent, socially aware and environmentally responsible energy source.2.4.2 Disadvantages of Solar Water Heating SystemAlthough Solar Water Heating System consists of a lot of advantages, but it has its disadvantages also. First of all, Solar Water Heater will doesnt work well on days when it is cloudy, over cast or raining. Besides that, it doesnt work at nighttime. So, it is typically installed with electric water heater to ensure that hot water is supplied when the day is cloudy, overcast, raining or at night. Other than that, Cost of purchase Solar Water Heater is one the most critical issue. The initial cost of Solar Water Heater is high for Malaysian if compare to electric water heater. Many of t he residents will not choose Solar Water heater due to its high initial cost. In addition, appearance of the house will affected due to the collector of Solar Water Heater is being installed on the roof.2.5 Selecting a Solar Water HeaterBefore purchasing and installing a Solar Water Heating System, we are required to do the following-Consider into the economics of a Solar Water Heating SystemConsider into the needs of hot water requiredDetermine the correct size for Solar Water Heating SystemDetermine the energy efficiency of Solar Water Heating SystemEstimate and compare system costs2.6 Method of Installation for Solar Water Heating SystemThe installation of a Solar Water Heater requires skills that overlap many trades. Installer needs to be familiar with plumbing, roofing and electrical. Here will shows the various steps and processes to install a Solar Water Heater. This Solar Water Heating System consists of flat-plate collector, a differential controller, several sensors, a pum p, and various valves.Step 1 Collector MountingBefore start the installation, installer must verify that the roof is suitable for the condition of mounting of the solar collector. Installer has to ensure that the roof tiles are in satisfactory condition and the trusses are adequate to support the collector. In general, there is no problem for installing a solar collector on a traditional roof. Besides that, it is recommended that the solar collector to face to south or within 30 to 45 east or west of due south.The installer needs to locate the trusses that will be use to attach the solar mounting brackets. After installer locates the trusses, he will then makes preparation for the installing of the collector mounting clips. The collector will then attach to the clips. Installer will carefully remove the roof tiles where the mounting clips will be installed. Four mounting clips will be used to support the collector and also to distribute the weight at the four mounting locations. La stly, solar collector installs on the mounting clips.Step 2 Roof Pipe FlashingFirst of all, installer needs to identify and mark down the locations of the piping penetrations. There will be two penetration-collector feed line and collector return line. In gravity drain system, the feed line should penetrate the roof below the collector. Then, make a flat copper flashing with an oversize collar to penetrate the fluid line.Step 3 Piping from Tank to CollectorInstaller will install the pipe that will connect the water heater to the solar connector. Normally, soft copper will be used in the attic run between the tank area components and the collector lines exits at the roof because by using soft copper, installer does not have to solder any fittings in the attic. Pipe hangers will be used in locations to secure the long piping runs. Besides that, insulation will be installed on all attic piping to prevent heat loss.Step 4 Collector Feed line PipingInstaller will measure, cut and fit the pipe fittings for proper length. He will solder the piping and fittings once all of them have been attached correctly.Step 5 Collector Return Line PlumbingInstaller will solder fittings that will accommodate the system air vent. The system can prevent air locks that will restrict flow in the system. Air vent is always install at the high point of system and in a true north vertical position. Then, installer will solder more fitting such as pressure relief valve.Step 6 Storage TankInstaller starts the installation for storage tank. this involves plumbing the water heater for cold service, hot outlet, collector feed and return lines. Installer will place insulation on all exposed piping once the piping has been installed to reduce heat loss during system operation. Lastly, he will set the thermostat on the water heater because although the majority of the how water is produced by solar energy, but when cloudy, overcast or nighttime, the electric elements are always the spare for it.S tep 7 Controller and SensorsInstaller will install controller and sensor for the system. The differential controller is the brains of solar system. It works with two sensors. One of it located at the hottest part of the system which is collector outlet. The other one is located at the coldest part of the system which is the bottom of the tank.Step 8 Pump and ValvesA Solar Water Heating System consists of a variety of components. System pump also called as circulator is a critical component for Solar Water Heating System. Its function is to circulate the fluid from the tank to the collector. Then the fluid gains heat in the solar collector and return to the storage tank. Besides that, check valve, drain valves and isolation valves also the components to install.Step 9 Pipe InsulationThe last step for installation process is pipe insulation. It is to prevent heat loss from the piping, so pipe insulation is installed on both external and internal system piping. After that, installer sh ould provide the owner of the Solar Water Heater a system operation and maintenance manual.2.7 A Comparison between Solar Water Heater and Electric Water HeaterSolartech (Summer)CX Direct Heating*PanasonicDH 3HE1M**PanasonicDH 3HT1M**Type of Water HeaterSolarElectricElectricPower Consumption2.4 KW (back up heating element)3.6 KW3.6 KWSelling Price / unitRM 5,490.00RM 639.00RM 449.00Selling Price (2 units)RM 1,278RM 1,098Initial Cost (selling price + installation cost)RM 5,690.00RM 1428.00RM 1248.00Warranty (full warranty)10 years1 year1 yearOperation Cost / yearRM 170.25RM 1,109.67RM 1,109.67Operation Cost (10 years)RM 1702.50RM 11,096.70RM 11,096.70Total Cost (initial cost + operation cost) for 10 years without maintenance costRM 7,392.50RM 12,374.70RM 12,194.70Environment ImpactfreeCO2CO2Table 2. 1 Comparison between Solar Water Heater and Electric Water Heater* Description is given by Solartech Sales Service Sdn Bhd** Description is given by Pansasonic Malaysia Sdn BhdThe tab le above shows the comparison between Solar Water Heater and Electric Water Heater. In the table, it is shown that the total cost for 10 years, environment impact and their operation cost. Firstly, for family consists of 6 persons considered as the study in the table. They installed 2 units of electric water heater in the toilets for their house or a unit of Solar Water Heater. Their need for hot water is 3 hours per day. Besides that, the study is estimating the total cost for 10 years.2.7.1 Total Cost MethodIntention in this study is to let the operation time (N) of a system be variable to find the operation life of the systems. The total cost will be adapted in the study because it allows the comparison between the systems for 10 years time. In general, the total cost of a system can be expressed as the following equationTotal Cost = Initial Cost + Operation Cost( 10years)2.7.1.1 Operation Cost (OC)For Electric Water Heater, operation cost is the electrical bill cost over the yea r to provide hot water needs of the family consists of 6 persons. But for Solar Water Heater, the operation cost is yearly electrical bill cost for the back up heating system.OCSWH = 12 months x NOCD x NOHs x price of electricity (RM/KWh)Where, OCSWH operation cost of Solar Water Heater NOCD number of cloudy day per month NOHS number of hours switched back up heating system.OCEWH = 365 days x NOH x price of electricity (RM/KWh)Where, OCEWH operation cost of Electric Water Heater NOH number of hours electricity is used to provide hot water.2.7.2 Summary of the values of the parameterSolartech (Summer)CX Direct HeatingPanasonicDH 3HE1M (2 units)PanasonicDH 3HT1M (2 units)Initial Cost = RM 5,690.00OC = 12 months x NOCD x NOHs x price ofelectricity (RM/KWh)= 12 months x 7 days/month x 3 hours x (2.4 KW x (RM 0.218 + RM 0.345)/2)= RM 170.25Total Cost = Initial Cost + (OC x 10 years)= RM 5,690.00 + (RM 170.25 x 10)= RM 7,392.50Initial Cost = RM 1,278.00OC = 365 days x NOH x price of el ectricity (RM/KWh)= 365 days x 3 hours x (3.6 KW x (RM 0.218 + RM 0.345)/2)= RM 1,109.67Total Cost = Initial Cost + (OC x 10 years)= RM 1,278.00 + (RM 1,109.67 x 10)= RM 12,374.70Initial Cost = RM 1,098.00OC = 365 days x NOH x price of electricity (RM/KWh)= 365 days x 3 hours x (3.6 KW x (RM 0.218 + RM 0.345)/2)= RM 1,109.67Total Cost = Initial Cost + (OC x 10 years)= RM 1,098.00 + (RM 1,109.67 x 10)= RM 12,194.70Table 2. 2 Summary of the values of the paramaterFrom the table above, it is shown that Solar Water Heater is more economical and more attractive than the Electric Water Heater in long term. It is better for the family to use Solar Water Heater when compared to Electrical Water Heater. Besides that, it is more benefits to install Solar Water Heater because of long term economical benefits, environment friendly and a way to avoid from the problem of increasing electricity bill and increasing family size.ReferencesOng, K. S. 1994. Solar Water Heater. Perpustakaan Negara Malay sia University of Malaya.Gordon, J. 2005. Solar Enegy The State of The Art. London James James (Science Publishers) Ltd.Ondrey, G. 2009. Solars Second Coming. Chemical Engineering. pg. 18.Pandey, J. L. and Banerjee M. K. 1998. Energy Conservation with the Use of Solar Selective Coatings. Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials. 45(1), pp. 16-24.Davidson, Jane, Wood and Byard. 1996. Solar Hot Water for the Home. Mechanical Engineering. pg. 60.European Journal of Scientific Research. 2009. Economics of Domestic Solar Hot Water Heating Systems in Malaysia. 26(1), pp. 20-28Progress ReportTask to be completedSecond Year Semester 1 (Week)July 05, 2009 July 11, 2009July 12, 2009 July 18, 2009July 19, 2009 July 25, 2009July 26, 2009 Aug 01, 2009Aug 02, 2009 Aug 08, 2009Aug 09, 2009 Aug 15, 2009Aug 16, 2009 Aug 22, 2009Aug 23, 2009 Aug 29, 2009Confirm TitleFinalise Proposal1.0 Introduction2.0 Literature reviewProposed Work ScheduleActual Work ScheduleTask to be completedSecond Year Sem ester 1 (Week)July 05, 2009 July 11, 2009July 12, 2009 July 18, 2009July 19, 2009 July 25, 2009July 26, 2009 Aug 01, 2009Aug 02, 2009 Aug 08, 2009Aug 09, 2009 Aug 15, 2009Aug 16, 2009 Aug 22, 2009Aug 23, 2009 Aug 29, 2009Confirm TitleFinalise Proposal1.0 Introduction2.0 Literature reviewEvery element had been done on time according to the proposed work progress except Chapter 1 Introduction. It should be done before August 01, 2009, but in stead it was done on August 22, 2009. The reason for the delay because of Introduction is revised proposal, so I decided to postpone it until the same with the date of completion for literature review.For Literature Review, I started it a week earlier than the proposed work schedule due to I need longer time to search information from TARC library and internet. Besides that, I also needed to get the quotation from supplier so that I started my literature review earlier. Luckily, everything in progress and I finished my literature review on time. My supervisor, Mr. Teh Bin Sin checked my works on August 20, 2009 and I printed out all the chapters for interim submission.Report on Changes InvolvedDate (Week)Issue of ChangesIssue of AmendmentJuly 05, 2009 July 11,2009Project TitleA Comparison between Solar Water Heating System and Electric Water Heaterchanged toA Study into Solar Water Heating System in Malaysian HomesThe project title changed because A Study into Solar Water Heating System in Malaysian Homes is more specific and to fulfill requirement of supervisor.July 26, 2009 August 01, 2009ObjectivesTo compare the initial cost, price, durability, maintenance cost and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heaterchanged toTo compare the initial cost, price, durability, and environment impact for solar water heating system and electric water heaterDue to the comment from supplier, which is maintenance cost is difficult to calculate or estimate for the following 10 years for water heater , so I decided to take out the comparison of maintenance cost in objective.