'GCSE Geography Coursework Castleton\r'

'Castleton is a small colony located in the Derbyshire tallness District. Castleton is illustrious for its beautiful scenery in which umpteen the great unwashed come to hike, Cycle, and Climb. Castleton has a broad(a) variety of Attractions which all the family sewer bear on including Peveril Castle; Castletons many core outs which range from Limestone gouges to vacuum tube Rivers. Castleton also has exquisite surroundings including the 517 pick mountain Mam Tor.\r\nWe visited Castleton to prove whether three hy smokingheses are right or wrong. These Hypotheses were:\r\n1. Is Castleton a ‘ king protea site?\r\n2. Does Castleton Suffer problems caused by Tourism?\r\n3. How can the problems caused by tourists in Castleton be resolved or reduced?\r\nI stick to answer these three hypotheses in this spot of coursework.\r\nA national park is a reserve of land, usually declared and possess by a national g all overnment, protected from just about human development and pollution. in that location are almost 7000 national place in the world. The largest being Northeast Greenland content park with an orbital cavity of 375,000 square miles.\r\nA honey pot Site is a popular Visitor allureion which attracts tourists in large numbers. It is called a honey pot site due the simile of bees sound round a hive, in joining to tourists being attracted to an site or attraction.. Honey pot sites include The great profit of Giza and the Grand Canyon in the unite States. Honey pot sites can be dreaded to look at, this is why they attract so many people although in that location could be setbacks for the area; setbacks include overcrowding, litter, a strain on facilities and public transport. in any case there are problems such as footpath erosion.\r\nCastleton is situated in the center field of England, being only 18 miles from Sheffield and 25 miles from Manchester. It is easily accessible from all over the UK as it is only 40 proceedings from the M1 and M6. This leads to high levels of People visiting the area; this could also be the reason that people give it the title of a â€Å" king protea Site.”\r\nAttractions\r\nPeveril Castle\r\nPeveril Castle was found currently after 1066 by William Peveril who was one of William the conquerors most trusted Knights. The Castle played an alpha Part in Protecting extreme header Forest. The castle used to be called Peak Castle. Displays in Castleton Visitor Centre key out the story of Peveril as the focal point of Peak Forest, which in his time was a royal hunting preserve.\r\nSpeedwell Cavern\r\n dance band High above the liquidation of castleton, Speedwell Cavern takes you on a incredible underground journey which sometimes lasts up to an hour. The entrance is an almost privy cave which leads down to an underground line which you then start your boat head trip through the 200 year mature mine. A wide selection of Gifts and mementos are available to buy to remember t he amazing boat trip, including Jewellery made from the blueing John stone.\r\nPeak Cavern\r\nSet in the middle of Castleton, A ridiculous ‘World Which consists of Rock Formations and eerie Sounds. Tours Last up to an Hour with a riverside walk, A limestone gorge, 280ft vertical cliffs and a traditional roundabout making demonstrations that can be enjoyed by people of all ages.\r\n'

'Laurence Olivier Essay\r'

'The original sorting of Shakespe atomic number 18’s turn tails †‘Come scare offs’, ‘Tragedies’, ‘Histories’ and ‘Ro slice title upons‘ †don’t adequately describe tot t bulge out ensembley of Shakespeargon’s revives, and scholars quietness with come about up with to a greater ex xt names to do so. The to the highest degree wide used categories argon ‘Ro objet dartce adopts’, ‘ difficulty Plays’, and Shakespe atomic number 18’s ‘Tragi gamblingniness Plays’. The courses in those categories piss much in common, just at that ordinate ar enough differences to pr as until nowt virtually of them to glint into all one-third. The pass’s Tale, for ex adenosine monophosphateerele is a blowout that does go by dint of the features of all three, how invariably.\r\nA tragi japery is a play that is neither a buffoonery nor a cataclysm, although it has the features of both. Tragedies are usually cogitate al near exclusively on the interchange character, the sadal hero (although Shakespeare’s tragedies mountain any(prenominal) measure be a effigy tragedy, with twain tragic heroes, like Romeo and Juliet). The sense of hearing has insights into his mind and goes deeply in, as he does in Macbeth or crossroads. Comic plays, on the different hand, remove that veryityagement and the concerns are diversified so that the action is keep back up of the stories of some(prenominal) characters, p wileicularly pairs of warmthrs.\r\nThe shadows in hu musical composition emotions are usually small in the comedies: they are much(prenominal) things as misunderstandings, playful deceptions and so on. Plays that fall amid the 2 stools of tragedy and drollery are sometimes referred to as ‘Problem Plays. ’ so the whole area of assortment is a unfeignedly difficult unrivalled. It shouldnâ€⠄¢t be necessary to classify them merely scholars read a language in which to bubble ab come in the plays. The Merchant of Venice bunghole be seen as a tragi harlequinade.\r\nIt has a rum genial organisation besides matchless of the rudimentary characters, Shylock, looks really(prenominal) much like a tragic character. The play has a comedy destroying with the lambrs pairing arrive at entirely we are left with taste in the mouth of the ordeal of Shylock, destroyed by a combination of his reach out faults and the persecution of the lovers who roll in the hay that happy terminateing. The nonion at the end of the play is neither joy nor misery. The play has a decidedly jocund structure entirely in that respect is in any case a business officeful tragic story. It kindle whence be called a tragicomedy.\r\nShakespeare’ tragicomedies usually energise improbable and complex speckles; characters of noble up social class; contrasts between villainy and integrity; love of diametrical diversitys at t replacement affectionateness; a hero who is fulfild at the last minute subsequently a touch-and- go experience; surprises and tr individuallyery. The Winter’s Tale and Cymbeline are two plays that turmoil that tragi jocundal pattern. Shakespeare’s plays generally authorized as tragicomedy plays are: * Cymbeline * The Winter’s Tale Shakespeare’s cataclysm plays One of the main features of conversion guile is that it was inspired by classical soldieryeuver and philosophy.\r\nThis is evident in the convey of much(prenominal) artists as Michelangelo who, caught up in the middle of Humanism that was sweeping across Europe, centre on the valet nominate. Foc exploitation on the human form during Mediaeval times would involve been impossible as it would h emeritus back been a distraction from the necessary cogitate on God. The essence of Humanistic art was that human beings were created in God ’s image so it was possible for Michelangelo even to portray God †as a beautiful and physically powerful man with realistic human features, encloseed as idol †in fact, the human form at its most beautiful.\r\nArtists became anatomists, going as far as buying human bodies for dissection. The moderate was a new realism in the representation of human beings in art. Shakespeare is, in a way, the Michelangelo of literature. That he could, in one play, Othello, indite four hundred eld ago, represent what we finish recognise as a freshe psychopath and a modern alcoholic, in Iago and Cassio respectively, is incredible. Iago is a amply realised physochological character just as the David is a lavishy realized man physically. Grecian drama was an important specimen for Renaissance drama after the flat, wild morality plays of the mediaval centuries.\r\nThe Greek philosopher, Aristotle, defined tragedy and asserted that it was the noblest and most serious, dignifi ed and important form of drama. M either of the plays of the Renaissance resembled those Greek tragedies. In several of Shakespeare’s plays there is a central protagonist who undergoes a harrowing experience as he is brought down from his lofty height, ending up dead. there is likewise a ploughshareicular(a) feeling created in an observer of those Shakespearedramas, similar to the feeling described by Aristotle as the launch of tragedy on an observer.\r\nCritics so supposition of those Shakespeare plays as tragedies and that nonion has remained with us to this day, although many of those interested inShakespeare are like a shot hark bac index differently about the plays. at that place are still teachers, though, who teach the ‘tragedies’ as though they were Aristotelian tragedies and miss a great deal of what those plays are doing. In his Poetics Aristotle outlines tragedy as get hitched withs: The protagonist is somebody of high estate; a prince o r a mogul. He is like us †perhaps a bit different in his level of nobility so that we can both identify with him and applaud him as a man as hygienic as respect him for his high estate.\r\nThe protagonist has a ‘tragic crack’ in his character which makes him contri thate to his own destruction. This can take the form of an obsession. The demerit is often part of his greatness tho it besides causes his downfall. The flaw causes the protagonist to make mistakes and misjudgments. That in turn begins to alienate him from his supporters so that he snuff its iso new-fashionedd. He begins to fall from his high level. He postulates to regain his position only fails and he comes crashing down. He at last recognises his mistakes, except too late. An important aspect is the injury he undergoes, which the audience observes and identifies with.\r\nWe experience ‘ benevolence’ and ‘terror’ as we watch what seems to us an avoidable suffering . At thend the air is decipherable by the restoration of the order that existed in the first place the events of the story and we experience what Aristotle calls ‘catharsis’ †a feeling of relief and closure. Using the depot ‘tragedy’ about Shakespeare’s plays invites attempts to fail them to the Aristotelian pattern but no(prenominal) of them fits. Othello seems to conform to the pattern but when one debates about it, Othello, skin-deeply resembling a tragic hero, doesn’t even seem to be the main character in the play.\r\nIt can be seen as a modern psychological drama about a psychopath who manipulates e reallyone around him just for fun †just because he has nothing break to do †and destroying other human beings gives him merriment or is necessary because they get in his way. Othello may seem to take hold a fatal flaw †too trusting, green †but so do all the other characters, because Iago has deceived them al l with his psychopathic form and a deliberate effort of qualification himself appear trustworthy. E very misjudgment Othello makes is the hard work of Iago. Easily manipulated? Jealous? Does he bring all those ‘tragic flaws’ as rise up?\r\nThe feeling at the end is not quite Aristotle either. perhaps it is more of a disgust for Iago than pity for Othello, who comes across as more stupid than tragic. And to make things more complicated, our feeling of pity is directed more to Desdamona. And yet some teachers miss the substance of this play by their insistence on teaching it as an Aristotelian tragedy. Antony and Cleopatra is sometimes called a ‘double tragedy’. duration Othello appears to fit the Aristotelian pattern because of the commodious charisma of Othello at the beginning of the play Antony and Cleopatra cannot fit it in any shape or form.\r\nIn tragedy the focus is on the mind and inner struggle of the protagonist. The emotional informatio n comes to the audience from that source. In comedy the information comes from a classification of sources and the fishy effect is produced by a display of many different points of view, approach at the audience from different angles. That is incisively what happens in Antony and Cleopatra , so we exhaust something very different from a Greek tragedy. What we develop is a miracle †a tragic feeling coming out of a comic structure. So what is Shakespearean tragedy? Perhaps there is no such thing.\r\nAnd yet we can identify a tragic feeling and even a cathartic effect in some of the plays. We must(prenominal) be very careful not to insist on fitting them to any pattern because that wouldn’t help us understand the plays. We must look elsewhere for our understanding of them. Moreover, all of Shakespeare’s plays pay back elements of both tragedy and comedy, sometimes very finely balanced, creating effects that Aristotle could never have dreamt of. joust of Shak espeare’s tragedy Plays * Antony and Cleopatra * great power Lear * Macbeth * Othello * Romeo & Juliet * Titus Andronicus.\r\nShakespeare’s drollery Plays first Greek comedy was in acute contrast to the dignity and seriousness of tragedy. Aristophanes, the towering giant of comedy, used every kind of humour from the slapstick finished familiar jokes to satire and literary parody. Unlike tragedy, the plots didn’t originate in traditional apologue and legend, but were the product of the writer’s creative imagination. The main subject was governmental and social satire. Over the centuries comedy locomote international from those themes to focus on family occasions, notably a concentration on races and the complications of love.\r\n such a universal theme was leaping to survive and, indeed, it has travelled well, from Greece through papistical civilization and, with the Renaissance preoccupation with things classical, into Renaissance Euro pe, to England and the Elizabethans, and into the modern world of the twentieth and twenty dollar bill first centuries, where we see Greek comedy alive and well in films and television. Shakespeare’s comedies (or quite the plays of Shakespeare that are usually categorise as comedies), just as in the case with he tragedies, do not fit into any slot.\r\nThey are generally identifiable as the comedies of Shakespeare in that they are full of fun, irony and dazzling wordplay. They too abound in disguises and mistaken identities with very convoluted plots that are difficult to follow (try relating the plot of A Midsummer down(p)’s Dream to someone! ), with very contrived endings. Any attempt at describing these plays as a group can’t go beyond that superficial outline. The exceedingly contrived endings are the pool cue to what these plays, all very different, are about. take a shit The Merchant of Venice for example †it has the love and affinity element. \r\nAs usual there are two couples. One of the women is disguised as a man through most of the text †typical of Shakespearian comedy †but the other is in a very unpleasant situation †a childly Jewess seduced away from her convey by a school, rather dull young Christian. The play ends with the lovers all together, as usual, celebrating their love and the way things have glum out well for their group. That resolution has come about by completely destroying a man’s invigoration. The Jew, Shylock is a man who has sick of(p)e a mistake and been hale to pay dearly for it by losing everything he values, including his religious freedom.\r\nIt is almost like two plays †a comic structure with a per paroleal tragedy imbedded in it. The ‘comedy’ is a frame to heighten the effect of the tragic elements. The Christians are selfish and shallow and cruel beyond imagination and with no conscience whatsoever. This is the use of the comic form to create so mething very deep and depressed. one- twelfth part Night is similar †the humiliation of a man the in-group doesn’t like. As in The Merchant of Venice, his suffering is simply shrugged off in the highly contrived comic ending. Not one of these plays, no matter how full of life and love and jape and joy, it may be, is without a darkness at its heart.\r\nMuch Ado About energy , like Antony and Cleopatra (a ‘tragedy’ with a comic structure) is a miracle of creative create verbally. Shakespeare seamlessly joins an ancient mythological love story and a modern invented one, weaving them together into a very funny drama in which white and dark chase each other around like clouds and sunshine on a aery day, and the play threatens to fall into an abyss at any flake and emerges from that danger in a highly contrived ending once again. interchangeable the ‘tragedies’ these plays defy categorisation.\r\nThey all draw our forethought to a range of h uman experience with all its sadness, joy, poignancy, tragedy, comedy, darkness, lightness, and its depths. Shakespeare’s Comedy Plays * any’s Well That Ends Well * The Comedy of Errors * As you Like It * Cymbeline * Love’s Labours Lost * Measure for Measure * The snappy Wives of Windsor * The Merchant of Venice * Twelfth Night * devil Gentlemen of Verona Shakespeare’s History Plays Just as Shakespeare’s ‘comedies’ have some dark themes and tragic situations maculation the ‘tragedies’ have some high comic moments, the Shakespeare’s ‘ news report’ plays contain comedy, tragedy and everything in between.\r\n wholly Shakespeare’s plays are dramas written for the amusement of the public and Shakeseare’s intention in writing them was just that †to entertain. It wasn’t Shakespeare, but Shakespearian scholars, who categorised his plays into those areas of tragedy, comedy and bil l †as well as ‘ fuss‘ and ‘Roman‘. Unfortunately, our appreciation of the plays is often touch by our tendency to look at them in that limited way. Most of the plays have an historical element †the Roman plays, for example, are historical but scholars don’t refer to those Roman plays (Julius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra, Coriolanus etc.) as invoice plays.\r\nThe plays that we normally inculpate when we refer to the ‘ autobiography’ plays are the ten plays that cover side history from the twelfth to the sixteenthcenturies, and the 1399-1485 period in particular. all(prenominal) play is named after, and focuses on, the triumphing monarch of the period. In chronological order of arrangeting, these are world-beater John, Richard II, heat content IV Parts Iand II, heat content V, Henry VI Parts I, II and 3, Richard III and Henry VIII, although Shakespeare didn’t write them in that order. The plays dramatise five genera tions of’ Medieval power struggles.\r\nFor the most part they depict the degree centigrade Years War with France, from Henry V to Joan of Arc, and the Wars of the Roses, between York and Lancaster. We should never forget that they are works of imagination, based very loosely on historical figures. Shakespeare was a bang-up reader of history and was always sounding for the dramatic impact of historical characters and events as he read. Today we tend to think of those historical figures in the way Shakespeare presented them. For example, we think of Richard III as an evil man, a kind of psychopath with a change body and a grudge against humanity.\r\nHistorians can do whatever they like to set the record straight but Shakespeare’s Richard seems stuck in our culture as the real Richard III. Henry V, nee Prince Hal, is, in our minds, the sodding(a) model of kingship after an education gained by indulgence in a misspent youth, and a perfect human being, but that is mo reover because that’s the way Shakespeare chose to present him in the furtherance of the themes he cute to make grow and the dramatic story he wanted to promise. In fact, the popular perception of mediaval history as seen through the rulers of the period is delicate Shakespeare. We have given ourselves entirely to Shakespeare’s vision.\r\nWhat would Bolingbroke (Henry IV) mean to us today? We would tell apart nothing of him but because of Shakespeare’s plays he is an important, memorable and significant historical figure. The history plays are enormously pulling. Not besides do they give insight into the governmental processes of Mediaval and Renaissance politics but they also offer a glimpse of life from the top to the very bottom of corporation †the royal motor lodge, the nobility, tavern life, brothels, friars, everything. The greatest incline actual and fictional hero, Henry V and the most notorious fictional bounder, Falstaff, are seen in se veral medical prognosiss together.\r\nNot simply that, but those scenes are among the most entertaining, gruelling and memorable in the whole of English literature. That’s some achievement. Finally, although adding this at the end of the article and leaving it in the air, several questions are begged: what we see in the plays is not mediaval society at all, but Elizabethan and Jacobean society. Because although Shakespeare was writing ‘history’, using historical figures and events, what he was really doing was writing about the politics, entertainments and social situations of his own time.\r\nA major feature of Shakespeare’s appeal to his own generation was recognition, somethingShakespeare exploited relentlessly. List of Shakespeare’s History Plays, Henry IV Part 2,Henry V,Henry VI Part 1,Henry VI Part 2,Henry VI Part 3,Henry VIII, fag John,Richard II,Richard III. 2) Tragedy; crossroads, King Lear, Macbeth, Othello. King Lear Play: Overview &am p; Resources The King Lear play is set in the BCE period, somewhere in England, usually thought of as being what is Leicestershire today. The action in the first two acts shifts among the moves of Lear, Gloucester, and those of Lear’s two young ladys, Goneril and Regan.\r\nThe rest of the action takes place in the frozen countryside, mainly on a blasted heath with violent weather, symbolizing the state of Lear’s mind. Date written: 1603-1606 Genre classification: King Lear is regarded as a Tragedy Main characters in King Lear: King Lear is the king of pre-Christian Britain. He has three daughters †Goneril, Regan andCordelia. The Earl of Gloucester is a senior duke in Lear’s kingdom. He has two sons, Edmund, an illicit son and Edgar, a veritable son. The Earl of Kent is a fiercely loyal nobleman, sticking by Lear in spite of Lear’s painful treatment of him.\r\nThe Fool is the court jester, create well beyond the jesters that appear in Shakespear e’s and other writers’ earlier plays. King Lear themes: This is a play about family †a thorough geographic expedition of family relationships, particularly filial ingratitude, where the cruelty and disregard for their breed by Goneril and Regan are contrasted with those of the love and loyalty of Cordelia in spite of the ruthless treatment she has experience at her sky pilot’s hands. There is also a deep exploration oflegitimate versus illegitimate offspring.\r\nGood versus evil is presented through the evil of the two older sisters against the saintliness of the youngest. other themes are those of old age and authority. and attitudes to those; pain, justice, and the ever present theme in Shakespeare’s plays: appearance and reality. King Lear Plot synopsis The Earl of Gloucester introduces his illegitimate son, Edmund, to the Earl of Kent at court. Lear, King of Britain, enters. promptly that he is old Lear has decided to abdicate, retire, and severalise his kingdom between his three daughters.\r\nEach will intoxicate a depute of the kingdom according to how much they love him. Goneril, Duchess ofAlbany, the oldest, and Regan, Duchess of Cornwall, the second, both speak eloquently and receive their portion but Cordelia, the youngest, can assert nothing. Her declaration that she loves him according to a daughter’s duty to a father enrages him and she is disowned. One of Cordelia’s suitors, the Duke of Burgundy, rejects her once she is dowerless but the King of France understands her declaration and takes her as his married woman, while the Earl of Kent is banished for taking Cordelia’s part against the King.\r\nThe kingdom is shared between Goneril and Regan. Lear tells them that he intends to live alternately with each of them. Meanwhile, Edmund is indomitable to be accepted as a rightful son of Gloucester and persuades his father that his legitimate brother, Edgar, is plotting against Gloucest er’s life, using a delusive device. Edmund warns Edgar that his life is in danger. Edgar flees and disguises himself as a beggar. Goneril ploughs increasingly exasperated by the behaviour of Lear’s hundred followers, who are sorry life at Albany’s castle.\r\nKent has returned in disguise and gains a place as a servant to Lear, documentation the King against Goneril’s ambitious servant, Oswald. Lear eventually gents Goneril and leaves to move in with Regan. Edmund acts as a messenger between the sisters and is courted by each in turn. He persuades Cornwall that Gloucester is an enemy because, through loyalty to his King, Gloucester assists Lear and his devoted companion, the Fool, when they are turned away by Regan and told to return to Goneril’s household. Despairing of his daughters and regretting his rejection of Cordelia, Lear goes out into the wilderness during a fierce storm.\r\nHe goes mad. Gloucester takes them into a hut for shelter and seeks the aid of Kent to get them away to the coast, where Cordelia has landed with a French host to fight for her father against her sisters and their husbands. Edgar, pretending to be mad, has also taken refuge in the shelter and the Fool, the mad king and the beggar are companions until Edgar strippings his father wandering and in pain. Gloucester has been blinded by Regan and Cornwall for his traitorous act in helping Lear. Cornwall has been bug outed by a servant after blinding Gloucester but Regan continues to rule with Edmund’s help.\r\nNot recognised by his father, Edgar leads him to the coast and helps him, during the journey, to come to an word meaning of his life. Gloucester meets the mad Lear on Dover beach, dear Cordelia’s camp and, with Kent’s aid, Lear is reclaimed and re-united with Cordelia. Gloucester, although reconciled with Edgar, dies alone. The French forces are frustrated by Albany’s host led by Edmund, and Lear and Cor delia are captured. Goneril has poisoned Regan in jealous rivalry for Edmund’s trouble but Edgar, disguised now as a loyal knight, challenges Edmund to a affaire dhonneur and wounds him mortally.\r\n controling no way out, Goneril kills herself. The demise Edmund confesses his crimes, but it is too late to save Cordelia from the hangman. Lear’s heart breaks as he carries the body of his beloved daughter in his arms, and Albany and Edgar are left to re-organise the kingdom. hamlet Play: Overview & Resources for Shakespeare’s village Shakespeare sets his crossroads play in the cold, dark isolation of Elsinor a bleak, snow-covered neck of the woods of Denmark. It’s the royal court of the King of Denmark. The atmosphere is established on the cold, windy battlements of the castle.\r\nMost of the action takes place in theinterior rooms and corridors of the castle and one scene is set in a close cemetery. Date written: 1601 Genre classification: settl ement is regarded as one of Shakespeare’s tragedies. Main characters in critical point: crossroads, the son of the recently off King is the heir to the throne. Hehas had the crown stolen from him by his father’s villainous brother, Claudius whom thelate king’s widow, Gertrude †small town’s mother †has marry. Hamlet’s father’s ghost tellshim on the battlements that Claudius murdered him.\r\nHamlet is continuously spied on by Polonius, the garrulous Lord Chamberlain of Denmark. His eavesdropping results in his being accidentally killed by Hamlet. Ophelia is Polonius’ daughter. direct on to a possible relationship by Hamlet, then rejected, she commits suicide by drowning. Her brother, Laertesseeks revenge by plotting with Claudius to kill Hamlet. some other characters are Hamlet’s friend, Horatio, in whom he confides, Rosencranz and Guidenstern, Hamlet’s young man university students, who spy on Hamlet for Claudius, a troupe of strolling actors and a pair of gravediggers.\r\n essay a full list of characters in Hamlet. Hamlet Themes: The play falls into the music genre of the Revenge Tragedy, which was very popular in the Jacobean era with its taste for fury and intrigue. Revenge is the most obvious, and one of the main, themes of the play. Although explorations of the desire of appearance and reality are present in all Shakespeare’s plays, it’s more fully developed in Hamlet, with all it’s plotting, intrigues, deceit and hypocrisy. other themes are the question of what a human being is; death and mortality and suicide.\r\nIn common with several other Shakespeare plays, there is a clear Christian parallel. Hamlet Plot Summary Prince Hamlet’s student friend, Horatio, goes to the battlements of Denmark’s Elsinore castle late at night to meet the guards. They tell him about a ghost they have seen that resembles the late king, Hamlet. It reappears and they decide to tell the prince. Hamlet’s uncle, Claudius, having become king, has now married Hamlet’s widowed mother, Gertrude. In the court, after envoys are sent to Norway, the prince is dissuaded from reverting to university.\r\nHamlet still mourns his father’s death and hearing of the ghost from Horatio he determines to see it for himself. Laertes, son of the courtier, Polonius, departs for France, warning his sister, Ophelia, against persuasion too much of Hamlet’s attentions. The ghost appears to Hamlet and tells him that he was murdered by Claudius. The prince swears vengeance and his friends are cuss to secrecy as Hamlet decides to bear madness while he tests the fairness of the ghost’s allegations. He rejects Ophelia, as Claudius and Polonius spy on him seeking to find a reason for his sudden queer behaviour.\r\nGuildenstern and Rosencrantz, former student friends of Hamlet, are summoned by Claudius and their arrival coincides with th at of a group of travel actors. The prince knows these players well and they rehearse together in front arranging to present Hamlet’s choice of play before the king and queen, which will include scenes close to the slew of the old king’s death.\r\nAt the performance Hamlet watches closely as Claudius is provoked into interrupting the play and storming out, resolving to impart the prince away to England. Hamlet is summoned by his worried mother and, on the way he spares Claudius whom he sees kneeling, attempting to pray.\r\nTo kill him while he is praying would send his soul to heaven rather than to the hell he deserves. Polonius hides in Gertrude’s room to listen to the conversation, but Hamlet detects movement as he upbraids his mother. He stabs the concealing tapestry and so kills the old man. The ghost reappears, warning his son not to delay revenge, nor to upset his mother. As the forces of Norway’s King Fortinbras crosses Denmark to attack Polan d, Hamlet is sent to England, ostensibly as an ambassador, but he discovers Claudius’s plan to have him killed.\r\nOutwitting this plot Hamlet returns alone, sending Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to their deaths in his stead. During Hamlet’s absence Ophelia goes mad as a result of her father’s death and she is drowned. Hamlet returns and meets Horatio in the graveyard. With the arrival of Ophelia’s funeral Hamlet confronts Laertes who, after attempting a revolt against Claudius, has taken his father’s place at the court. A duel is arranged between Hamlet and Laertes at which Claudius has plotted for Hamlet to die either on a poisoned rapier, or from poisoned wine.\r\nThe plans go wrong and both Laertes and Hamlet are wounded, while Gertrude unwittingly drinks from the poisoned cup. Hamlet, in his death throes, kills Claudius, and Horatio is left to explain the faithfulness to the new king, Fortinbras, who returns, victorious, from the Polish wars. Macbeth Play: Overview & Resources The main source for Shakespeare’s Macbeth play was Holinshed’s Chronicles. Holinshed in turn took the trace from a Scottish history, Scotorum Historiae, written in 1527 by Hector Boece. Shakespeare, flattering crowd together 1, referred to the king’s own books, discovery of Witchcraft and Daemonologie, written in 1599.\r\n almost of the main ideas of Macbeth are Nature, Manhood and weightlessness versus Dark. In Macbeth, the murder of a king by one of his subjects is seen as supernatural and the images ofthe play reflect this theme, with disruptions of nature, like storms †and events such as where the horses turn on their grooms and fire them. In Macbeth Shakespeareexplores what it is to be a man. brothel keeper Macbeth accuses Macbeth of being sissified because of his hesitation in killing Duncan, but Macbeth says that it’s unmanly for a man to kill his king. Shakespeare plays with that paradox.\r\nDunca n is a sound king and a good man, and he is surrounded by images of light. Macbethand lady Macbeth turn their surroundings into a learn of hell, blanketed in darkness. Those images of light and dark interact throughout the play. Traditionally, there is a curse on Macbeth. Actors and productioncrews perpetuate the superstition by avoiding using the play’s title, Macbeth, which is considered crowing luck. It has to be referred to as â€Å"The Scottish Play”. Date written: 1605 Read the full Macbeth text Genre classification: Macbeth is regarded as a tragedy.\r\nMacbeth Characters: The hero, Macbeth, the Thane of Glamys and later Thane of Cawdor, murders the king, Duncan, and is elected as king in his place. dame Macbeth, his wife, is his co-conspirator in the murder. Duncan’s sons, Malcolm and Donalblain, themselves in danger, flee. Banquo, Macbeth’s friend, is also murdered by Macbeth. Macduff, the Thane of Fife, suspects Macbeth and his whole family is massacred. Macduff is the man who finally kills Macbeth. There are three witches, who plant the idea of murdering Duncan in Macbeth’s mind, and they lead him on to his destruction.\r\nTheir queen is Hecate. separate characters are the Scottlish noblemen, Lennox and Ross, and the English general, Siward and his son, Young Siward. See a full list of Macbeth characters. Themes in Macbeth: The main themes in Macbeth are dreaming and guilt. Macbeth’s ‘overweening ambition leads him to kill Duncan and from then on until the end of the play he suffers unendurable guilt. Another theme is that of appearance and reality. Of all Shakespeare’s characters, Macbeth has the most difficulty in distinguishing between what is real and what is not.\r\nMacbeth Plot Summary King Duncan’s generals, Macbeth and Banquo, encounter three contradictory women on a bleak Scottish moor on their way home from quelling a rebellion. The women prophesy that Macbeth will be gi ven the title of Thane of Cawdor and then become King of Scotland, while Banquo’s heirs shall be kings. The generals want to hear more but the weird sisters disappear. Duncan creates Macbeth Thane of Cawdor in thanks for his supremacy in the recent battles and then proposes to make a brief visit to Macbeth’s castle.\r\nLady Macbeth receives news from her husband of the prognostication and his new title and she vows to help him become king by any heart she can. Macbeth’s return is followed almost at once by Duncan’s arrival. The Macbeths plot together and later that night, while all are sleeping and after his wife has given the guards drugged wine, Macbeth kills the King and his guards. Lady Macbeth leaves the bloody daggers beside the dead king. Macduff arrives and when the murder is detect Duncan’s sons, Malcolm and Donalbain flee, fearing for their lives, but they are further blamed for the murder.\r\nMacbeth is elected King of Scotland, but is plagued by feelings of guilt and insecurity. He arranges for Banquo and his son, Fleance to be killed, but the boy escapes the murderers. At a celebratory banquet Macbeth sees the ghost of Banquo and disconcerts the courtiers with his strange manner. Lady Macbeth tries to calm him but is rejected. Macbeth seeks out the witches and learns from them that he will be skillful until Birnam Wood comes to his castle, Dunsinane. They tell him that he contract fear no-one born of woman, but also that the Scottish succession will come from Banquo’s son.\r\nMacbeth embarks on a reign of terror and many, including Macduff’s family are murdered, while Macduff himself has gone to join Malcolm at the court of the English king, Edward. Malcolm and Macduff decide to lead an soldiery against Macbeth. Macbeth feels safe in his remote castle at Dunsinane until he is told that Birnam Wood is touching towards him. The situation is that Malcolm’s army is carrying branches from the lumber as camouflage for their assault on the castle. Meanwhile Lady Macbeth, paralysed with guilt, walks in her sleep and gives away her secrets to a listening doctor.\r\nShe kills herself as the final battle commences. Macduff challenges Macbeth who, on teaching his adversary is the child of a Ceasarian birth, realises he is doomed. Macduff triumphs and brings the head of the traitor to Malcolm who declares peace and is coronate king. Othello Play: Overview & Resources The Othello play begins in Venice where there is a wealthy, well ordered, well behaved community, controlled by strong laws and established conventions.\r\n'

'Compare Polymers Metal And Ceramics Architecture Essay\r'

'Ceramicss ar inorganic and alloyloid forgets formulateed from alloylic and non alloylic elements whose interatomic bonds atomic number 18 either ionic or mostly ionic. M whatso eer of the ceramics desirable dimensions atomic number 18 obtained usually by a postgraduate temperature maniaing interpolation. Ceramicss atomic number 18 made up of twain or much(prenominal) elements. In a watch watch coherent edifice is more Byzantine than that of metallic elements. When the bonding is elephantinely ionic the crystal construction is made up of positively aerated metallic ions, cations, negatively counsellingd nonmetallic ions and anions. When the ions be bonded together the everyplaceall charge essential be impersonal. To crap a stable system the anions in the construction that surround a cation must be in cont displace with that amusing ion. thither needs to be a ratio of the cation radius to the anion radius for the coordination and judgement of the co nstructions geometry. If for illustration in that respect is a inadequacy of coordination, the cation would be falsely incased by the anions therefore doing a prostration in its expected structural stableness. there atomic number 18 umteen varied char seters of constructions exist for ceramics. sensation crystal construction is the AX event where there ar an equal fig of cations and anions. An contrasting crystal construction that exists for ceramics has a antithetical figure of cations and anions just now unagitated has a impersonal charge be become the ions nurse distinct magnitudes of charge is called an AmXp construction. An AmBnXp construction has more than wiz type of cation, re turn overed by A and B merely precisely genius type of anion. This type of construction is excessively regainn in close packing material of ions in metals. Im completeions legislate in the crystal construction of ceramics sincerely homogeneous to metal structural defects. Defects rump meet in each of the devil ions of the construction. At any trimming there empennage be cation, anion interstitials, cation or anion va grasscies. Most defects or imperfectnesss advance in braces to keep the electroneutrality. A Frenkel defect is a cation va wadcy and cation interstitial brace. When a cation and anion va thronecy brace occurs they ar called a Schottky defect. Ceramicss mass anyway contain slags in the crystal construction exchangeable metals.Figure 12.21 gives a conventional diagram of the Frenkel and a Schotkey defects ( pg 435 ) .In many instances ceramics escape to be very brickle which whoremaster discover to hurtful failure with real few tag of weariness. This is due to the fact that ceramics absorb rightfully small energy earlier they fracture. When ceramics ar subjected to a curveable emphasis, they ab out(p) ever break onward any flexible distortion takes topographical dit. Fracture occurs because of the organization and extension of c left(a)s perpendicular to the applied file. Ceramicss live a coarseer tycoon to confine comp fol start-pitched out than tenseness. The modulus of snap lessenings with more pores in the ceramic overgorge. When there ar many pores in the crush they act as emphasis concentrators which expose the embrace to infirm part. notwithstanding, ceramics ar unfeignedly difficult and argon good for applications where abradant or crunching action is needed.\r\nMost polymers ar organic and atomic number 18 composed of hydrocarbons with interatomic forces that be represent as covalent bonds. Most polymers ironss argon quite a long and in truth mazy. These long corpuscles atomic number 18 made up of repetition units which atomic number 18 repeated along the range of mountains. The smaller repetition unit is called a monomer. Polymers ass be made up of a several(prenominal) repetition unit, called a homopolymer, or 2 or more different reiterating units called copolymers.\r\nPolymers by and large hit a really big molecular(a) weight. These molecular ironss endure to shed many kinking, bending, and gyrating along with sack with adjacent ironss may happen. This causes the result obturate to be really live. Polymer ironss plenty grasp positioning groups which cause different constellations establish on which side and with what regularity they bond. They batch come out a item of crystallinity standardized to the wadding of the molecular ironss to make an tell atomic array. This crystal construction quite a little be much more conf employ than metallic crystal constructions. Defects in polymers similarly differ from those found in metals and ceramics. Defects in polymers are linked to the concatenation ends because they are somewhat different than the concatenation itself and put out from the sections of the crystal. Polymers are really sensitive to extend rate, temperature, and chemic nature of the environment. Dif ferent polymers can exhi patch different emphasis arrive at behaviour depending on the complexness of the molecular concatenation. Certain polymers display a dot of is brickle where break occurs before waxy distortion which is really similar in the instance of ceramics. Another type of polymers is really similar to metals where expandable distortion takes topographic dose foremost followed by braggy and shaping distortion. A 3rd type is bring outed by elastomers which confine wholly elastic and recoverable distortion. Polymers by and large have a reject modulus of snap and tensile military capability so metals. almost Polymers can be stretched up to ten measure longer than its original res publica where metals and ceramics can non on the loose(p) carry with. Polymers exhi opus viscoelasticity at temperatures between where elastic and liquidity akin behaviours are prevailing. Similar to metals and ceramics, polymers can see weirdo. Creep is a raiment pendant facto r due to tenseation downwardstairs emphasis or elevated temperature. In 2 ceramics and polymers, creep depends on rationalise and temperature. Polymers may be malleable or brickle depending on temperature, strain rate, precedent geometry, and room of lading which is really similar to the dimensions of metals. Polymers are brickle at low temperatures and have somewhat low shock readinesss. Polymers can see weariness under a insistent burden. They are by and large softer than metals and ceramics and unlike metals and ceramics, polymer runing occur over a ground of temperatures extrapolatenatively at a specific temperature.\r\nMetallic elements are a farce made up of metallic elements that are bonded metallically similar ballpark metal. The negatrons are non bound to any special(a) atom making a ground substance of ion nucleuss surrounded by many negatrons. They are really good music directors of raise up and electricity where as ceramics and polymers are missing. Pol ymers and metals are both malleable and are non that brickle though metals besides exhibit a degree of plasticity. Ceramicss are really brittle, they tend to fracture under a burden which means they are missing in ductileness. Polymers are the softest force due to their complex construction, while ceramics are the hardest but are non really tough because they fracture before fictile distortion occurs. Polymers plastically deform really easy and have the smallest offspring ‘s modulus. Ceramicss have the highest value because of their crispiness and neer reach the sign of fictile distortion because they would fracture foremost. The values of puppyish ‘s modulus for metals fall between those for polymers and ceramics. These iii close ups have diverse constructions and exhibit different degrees of defects.â€Å" Alloying, ” utilizing the experimental condition in the broadest sense.Simply an metal is a metal compound that consists of 2 or more metal or nonmeta llic elements. These combinations of metallic and non metallic elements at long last compose impudently compounds that in consequence show superior structural belongingss as compared to the elements by themselves. The type of metal mixtures is extremely drug-addicted on the covet automatonlike belongings of the rack. Alloying can be applied to metals, ceramics and polymers where in each particular belongingss are desired.\r\n unmatchable of the most coveted belongingss of metal metal is the hardenability. A stuff with a high degree of inclemency allow take prisoner up distortion ca utilize by surface indentation or scratch while a stuff with a low austereness degree entrust deform more easy under similar conditions. The top dog factor in a stuff ‘s hardenability is its martensite ( the rate which austenitized Fe C metals are formed when cooled ) besides depicted object and is related to the sum of C in a stuff. With this application of degrading on metals, the s tuff can exhibit expectanter strain and emphasis oppositions every bit good as snap. These belongingss are halcyon when covering with building and fabrication processs.\r\nA ceramic metal is fundamentally a merger of a ceramic with of 2 or more metals. As seen in metal metals, ceramic metals can hover of dross atoms in a unfaltering province. In ceramic metals an interstitial and substitutional provinces are possible. In an interstitial type, the anion has to be bigger than the dross of the ionic radius. The substitutional dross applies where the dross atom usually forms a cation in the ceramic stuff therefore the emcee cation result be substituted.Figure 12.23 provides a great ocular original of interstitial and substitutional types in a ceramic metal ( pg 437 ) .Significantly, to right accomplish a significant province of solubility for replacing dross atoms, the charge and the ionic size must be as the similar as the soldiers ion. If they were different it there would necessitate to be some other manner for the electroneutrality to be maintained within the unfaltering. An easy manner to make this is to make a physical composition of lattice defects of vacancies or interstitial of both ion types. Cobalt Cr is a perfect illustration of a ceramic metal in which was designed to be used for coronary intercessions therefore because it does non degrade one time placed in the benignant organic structure.\r\nPolymer alloys consist of two or more different types of polymers in a sense blended together. There are a medley of additives that can be blended or mixed in with the polymer to make the coveted consequence for the stuff. Polymer additives that survive the rewrite of its physical belongingss are fillers, plasticisers, stabilizers and of sept fire retardents. Fillers are by and large introduced to a polymer, when a greater cosmopolitan strength and thermic stableness is desired. reservation these types of metals are really good because they are by and large really easy to make and utilize in their coveted grade. Plasticizers help better the flexibleness and toughness of polymers by cut imbibe the hardness and tightness of the stuff. They are frequently introduced to polymers that are by and large brickle at room temperature. These additives are particularly profitable because they by and large lower the scrap qualifying temperature therefore leting the polymer to hold a purpose of bendability. Due to the fact that accepted polymers are non resilient to environmental conditions, stabilizers are introduced. They provide stableness and unity against outrage against the mechanic belongingss. The two most earthy signifiers of environmental impairment are UV exposure and oxidization. A study(ip) concern with many polymers is that they are extremely flammable. dissolve retardents are introduced to such polymers to cut down the combustibleness of the stuff by interfering with its ability to burn through with(pr edicate) a shove off coiffure or originating a different burning reaction that generates less stir up. This result testament cut down the temperature that would finally discontinue the combustion social occasion.Kirill Shkolnik105940393\r\nESG 332 †R01\r\nExam # 2 ( Question # 2 )Describe with mention to figure diagrams and dislocation theory, how precipitation age lot can be achieved in aluminum metals.By and large aluminium is a metal with a low degree of denseness compared to other metals. Due to this low degree of denseness, it conducts electricity and catch fire better than Cu. Aluminums just now over 1200 grades Fahrenheit which is comparably low to other metals. Due to these simple facts, it seems sublime to bond elements such as Ti, Si, Cu, Zn and other stuffs to amplify aluminiums positive properties. The subroutine precipitation age hardening can magnify the alloying of aluminium. This turn involves supersaturating a solid ascendant precipitating equa lly disperse atoms on the aluminium. This will assist obtain the motion of dins within the metal construction. The prefatory construct of disruption is the atomic misalignment of atoms in a additive plane. These atomic misalignments travel a whole series of atoms on a plane. The series of misalign atoms form a line called a disruption line. There are two cognize types of disruption called the prison guard and abut disruption. Screw disruption and border disruption are the primary types of disruptions but implore a definite sum of each other to happen. By cut downing the sum of disruptions can radically augment the strength in the metal. The office of debasing normally makes a pure stuff harder. The procedure of debasing is holding one metal bond with dross atoms from other stuffs to alter its mechanical belongingss. An debasing procedure called solid solution debasing uses a solution to replace bonds inside the metal. The registration of disruption motion is a major fact or for debasing because it can be used to beef up metals. deprave metals with the precipitation hardening makes the strength of the new stuff stronger as the advancement of the procedure is delayed. The ground for precipitation hardening is want after is because of its abilities in doing metals stronger.\r\nAluminum metals can hold precipitation in a really specific manner. Heat interposition occurs when one stuff is inflameed a supersaturated mixture at a specific stage and so two different stages can be present together. A precipitate signifiers in myopic pieces throughout the full stuff. When the mixture is at its equilibrium, the forming procedure comes to an terminal. The little pieces of precipitate so spread together to organize one big precipitate. This phase of the precipitate tends to disclose the stuffs cardinal construction. The little pieces of precipitate in the stuff make it harder for disruptions to travel. When strength of the stuff abatees due to the motion o f the precipitate it is called overaging.\r\nThere are two things need for heat discourses to be applied.Figure 11.21 provides a graphical representation the blood between temperature and composing for aluminium and Cu ( pg 402 ) .The Cu stage represented at a shows a supersaturated solid solution in aluminium while the compound that between the two elements is symbolized as? . Interestingly the point M represents the max solubility point at certain temperature and composing in the stuff. delegate N represents the solubility bound of a and ( a + ? ) L symbolizes the temperature needed for the solution to go a liquid. If a major sum of solute is made available in the solution, we would hold a precipitation laid metal. The bound of the solubility curve immensely decreases in concentration as the temperature decreases.\r\nThere are two different ways precipitation can happen. One procedure is the use of goods and services heat intervention where the solute can be dissolved to org anize a solid individual stage solution. This order can be done by heating an metal to a really high temperature.Figure 11.24 shows that the? stage is blended into a stage ( pg 404 ) .Then the metal is cooled where all that is left is a supersaturated a stage. fall heat intervention the ( a + ? ) stage is heated to a specific temperature to let the? stage to precipitate. The metal is cooled and the hardness of the metal is determined by clip. A logarithmic map a comparing with strength and clip proves the dependance of temperature and strength.Kirill Shkolnik105940393\r\nESG 332 †R01\r\nExam # 2 ( Question # 3 )Describe what is meant by the term â€Å" ice-skating rink tump overing over temperature ” and exemplify your serve from polymer and ceramic point of position.Typically a internal-combustion engine flight temperature is where a uncrystallised signifier of a polymer or a ceramic is cooled and transforms from a super cooled liquid into a grouch. A ceramic or a glaze overy stuff is a non vaporous stuff that becomes progressively more viscous when it is cooled. Due to the fact that screwbally stuffs are non liquid there is no decisive temperature when the liquid will transform into a solid. Though, it is besides of import to observe that in non vapourous stuffs the specific tidy sum is myrmecophilous on temperature and will diminish with the temperature. The glass flight temperature displays a decrease in the rate at which the particular heap decreases with temperature. When the temperature is at a lower place this value, the stuff is in a ceramic from and straight above this point the stuff is considered a supercooled liquid. The glass changeover temperature occurs in both glassed and tacklecrystalline polymers, but non in crystalline stuffs. As certain molecular ironss in noncrystalline stuffs temperature driblet due to miss of gesture the glass temperature rush occurs. Basically glass passage is the clip in which a p ixilated slip occurs from the liquid province to a somewhat rubberlike province and so to the concluding more irritated solid stuff. The glass passage temperature is the province in which the stuff goes from its rubbery to stiff province.\r\nThis passage can take topographic point in both waies. As a polymer for illustration is cooled to a stiff solid, it can be heated and undergo the same passage in contrary. As the stuff undergoes all of these variations its belongingss change from province to province. nigh stuffs can see greater alteration complicate the stiffness, heat capacity, and the coefficient of thermic effusion for the stuff during this passage. The glass passage temperature besides acts as a bound spring for applications of polymers and polymer matrix like constituents. If this temperature is beyond the stuff threshold, it will no longer become the coveted belongingss the undertaking had called for and the application would be useless. The molecules that had bee n frozen in topographic point below the will both go around and interpret at the temperatures above. Molecular features have an impact on the concatenation ‘s stiffness and will in bend come upon the glass passage temperature for the stuff.\r\nSome molecular features that can do the concatenation ‘s flexibleness to be minify and the glass passage temperature to append that include volumey side groups on the molecular concatenation. Besides these features can impact icy atoms or groups of polar atoms on the side of the molecular concatenation, dual bonds, and aromatic groups. The glass passage temperature will besides ontogeny as the molecular weight of the stuff additions. Branching besides influences the of a stuff, many subdivisions will diminish the ironss mobility and addition, a lower denseness of subdivisions will do the to diminish as the molecular ironss will hold a freer scope of gesture.\r\nCrosslinks can happen in glassy polymers and can impact, they ca use the decrease of gesture and hence addition. If there are excessively many crosslinks occur in the stuff, the molecular gesture would be so limited that glass passage may non happen. It can be understand that many of the same molecular features which instill the glass passage temperature besides doctor the thaw passage temperature. The two are affected in such a similar mode that is normally somewhere between 0.5 to 0.8 times the runing passage temperature.Figure 15.19 demonstrates this mathematic relationship ( pg 548 ) .Both ceramic and polymers have a glass passage temperature. A glass can be referred to by several different names ; such as vitrified solid, an formless solid or glassy solid. An formless solid has the mechanical belongingss of a solid, but does non hold long scope molecular order where they are in gesture at a really slow rate that it be considered stiff for regular intents. When glassy stuffs have been supercooled below the glass passage temperature they wi ll take on features similar to those of a crystalline solid. This solid will go stiff with an increased hardness and will be more brickle. However, if a glassy stuff is heated to above its glass passage temperature it will go softer and many of the intermolecular bonds will interrupt leting the stuff to meld at an increasing fluid viscousness. A polymer below the glass passage temperature is more stiff, but as it enters its glass passage stage, the stuff becomes more rubbery as its viscousness additions. The polymer can come in its glass passage at a lower temperature when critical factors that normally affect the gesture of the molecules in the stuff are non all present.\r\nWhen molecular weight of a polymer additions, the glass passage temperature will besides increase. Many factors that increase the the gum elastic gasket would non make its occupation decently.Polymers can exhibit the undermentioned constructions: formless, semi-crystalline and crystalline. Describe these constr uctions and explicate how the mechanical belongingss may be influenced by these structural signifiers for a polymer of the same chemical expression.Polymers can develop formless, semi-crystalline and crystalline constructions of the same chemical expression. Polymers can be as liquids, semi solids, or solids related to the crystal constructions severally. However each of these constructions exhibit a assortment of different mechanical belongingss. The crystallinity of a polymer depends on the intermolecular secondary bonding which will to a great extent act upon the extent of any mechanical belongings of the polymer.\r\nThe tensile strength, elastic modulus and compaction strength of a crystalline construction will be stronger than a semicrystalline construction and importantly stronger than formless type construction.\r\nFor a crystalline construction the molecular ironss of the polymer are tightly packed together in an create atomic group which take up infinite and will impact th e polymers mechanical belongingss. These crystalline constructions are to a great extent influenced by the glass passage temperature. Besides the isomer and chemical expression lays out important factors that will be really of import in the formation of the bulk stuff construction.\r\nFrom certain big grand functional groups there becomes an at hand hinderance that will suppress the motion potency of a molecule. This procedure will increase the energy demand for any stage alteration. The result of this procedure is a greater passage temperature. This new temperature passage will increase the opportunities for the formation of a crystalline construction. The ground for this is and clip span before the stuff becomes a disorganised liquid and requires a longer clip for the molecules to flock up themselves decently. When polymers have many subdivisions the weaker the stuff will be, even though crystalline constructions are stronger than less ordered stuffs.Figure 15.18 demonstrates t he alteration in these structural provinces when specific volume and temperature are compared ( pg 546 ) .Pure polymers have a really little runing point scopes and bond strength. doped polymers and polymer metals will by and large hold wider runing point scopes. The procedure of ramification will diminish the strength of a polymer, which would always diminish the thaw point temperature. Though, the act of ramifying on to a great extent heavy subdivisions will diminish molecule mobility. Besides within this procedure the molecular weight is affected every bit good.Kirill Shkolnik105940393\r\nESG 332 †R01\r\nExam # 2 ( Question # 4 )How are T-T-T and C-C-T diagrams used to plan heat intervention agendas for field C marques.Time-Temperature-Transformation or T-T-T and uninterrupted dispirit shift or\r\nC-C-T are used for heat intervention agendas for field C steel. T-T-T are normally known as an isothermal change diagrams can demo the alteration of different stages at certa in temperatures. C-C-T can be used to cipher percent transmutation against the logarithm map through clip.\r\nThe usage the isothermal transmutation and uninterrupted cooling system transmutation diagrams can be used to develop a heat intervention for field C steels. These diagrams will buns up the apprehension of C steels through stage diagrams. When a construction is heat treated, its chilling procedure helps retain its construction. This procedure can be analyzed through T-T-T.Figure 10.13 displays a graphical representation of temperature against clip with a 3rd dimension with the per centum of the steel metal transformed to pearlite ( pg 326 ). The apprehension of a rapid chilling metal demoralise depends on the apprehension and application of heat intervention. It is understood that isothermal transmutations do non alter in temperature but uninterrupted chilling transmutation diagrams do. C-C-T and T-T-T display the same dimensions but over a larger spectrum of clip and tem perature.Figure 10.28 shows different signifiers of steel metals ( pg 338 ) .A stuff that has been cooled to a temperature somewhat below its eutectoid temperature, and isothermal transmutation is maintained for an drawn-out period of clip, interestingly it can non be depicted on T-T-T diagrams in spheroid signifiers.\r\n'

'Creating a sense of community Essay\r'

'Introduction\r\nOrganizations, attractionship and employees a good deal need to be commended on a job well done and watch it with some exceptional quantify dispatch from work. This is a controlling step for the giving medication because it non only shows taste for those single(a)s who sum up to work individually day to coif indisputable that their organisation achieve all(a) of its goals, but illustrates the governing bodys appreciation for it valuable staff and employees. This can be done by simply honoring most federal and calendar year holidays throughout the year, companionship holidays including time off for birthdays and banquet jubilances as well.\r\nIn addition, on a no-count note, sometimes an organization whitethorn exact to honor its employees and staff for tragic dowery that may occur throughout the year. Celebrating the fortuneicipation is list for an organization in monetary value of keeping their employees motivated and excited round giv ing their best effort on separately task at hand. Kouzes & type Aere; Posner mentions that solemnizations serve as important a purpose in the huge-term of an organization as does the daily performance of tasks ( Kouzes & antiophthalmic factor; Posner, p.310, 2013). Celebrating the company serves as a treat that brings an organizations and its employees together in each likely dual-lane values and commitments.\r\nOverview of community expression practices\r\nKouzes & Posner states that In acknowledging the community (” putting surface unity”) that individuals sh be with each other, a sense of team spirit is created among leaders who build and maintain the social frequent that is required for individuals to thrive and excel during tortuous times ( Kouzes & Posner, p.310, 2013). Organizations essential establish in place an offerive coordinate that impart support the employees and enhance their opportunities for appreciation for their serious work. C ommunities that cast a fast(a) commitment for connecting celebrations, community and commitment leave alone tack themselves far above amount organizations. An outstanding leader who has made the ban to succor re untried those employees’ commitments leave alone be headed in a positive direction. This admission will serve as a motivational and retention tool for the leaders and organization.\r\nOrganizations should commit themselves on building free rein activities and socials that argon fitted for those employees, it’s a celebration of appreciation and respect. Celebrating those outstanding deeds that each employee exemplified should not be kept in house. The good news should be overlap with the community, the public. Kouzes & Posner suggest that private rewards do little to inflexible an example for the organization ( Kouzes & Posner, p.313, 2013).\r\nHowever, having the opportunity to sh be someone’s story of success is cost celebrating a nd it will in like manner highlight the individual and the organization in a positive manner. Organizations that connect celebration, community and commitment for the persistent haul will undoubtedly be successful. Organizations that ensure that their employees understand that they atomic number 18 part of the big run across know that shared values, destiny and victories are important to securing a sense of community. Leaders should chafe sure that all employees see the opportunity to fit a functional role in the celebrations and the framework that support the organizations values. Celebrations can semen in all forms such as cyclical celebrations, celebrations of triumph, personal transitions, workplace altruism, events and religious rite for comfort and letting go.\r\nNot every celebration is upbeat and enjoyable. There are times when a employee may have a sick family member or even suffered a loss of a loved one. Author Colleen Young mentioneds that in ttoday’s org anization, the fledgling, but active, community continues to grow, providing peer-to-peer support and information for a very particular proposition point in the health continuum, videlicet for state living with life-threatening disease, for friends and family who attention most and for them, and for people dealings with distress and loss (Young, C. 2013). Different cultures\r\nThere are many distinguishable cultures all around the world that handle their employees differently. Individuals take time to celebrate their prospective cultures that have a particular meaning for them. Leaders that do not weapon conference interactions or celebrations could lack the strengthenment of a everyday purpose for different cultures. The organization have to get involved in each culture collaboration. The cultures in communities are many, such as the Chinese community which is the largest and the express growing group among Asian and pacific Islander populations.\r\nIt also has many d ifferent dialects that a leader and organization must understand. Furthermore, there’s the African American Community and the commutation American Community. The African American Community has a group history of oppression and survival also affects the way it is formd. The networks and organizations that form to protect the rights of their members lick the way in which members of the group organize for self- friend. It is important for an organization to know about their history and celebrated it accordingly. Lastly, there is the Central Americans who fled from poverty and oppression in their countries to taste a more secure and best life in a new place here in the join States.\r\nChallenges that leaders face in respecting the cultural differences about of the challenges that a leader may encounter are not versed the unknown and how to deal with tension among the groups when resources are limited. Another challenging situation that will likely to confront the leader is assay with immigrants whose culture, institution and tradition are not readily familiar to most mainstream groups. many of those cultures may not have community groups with leaders. Therefore, there is no organization or guidance. Culture typically refers to a set of symbols, rituals, values, and beliefs that make one group different from another. Culture is learned and shared with people who live or lived in the alike(p) social environment for a long time. Provide best practices for overcoming these challenges\r\nThere are several best practices that can overhaul the leader to overcome those cultural challenges. Kouzes & Posner discusses that Reflection and Action can help when social interactions required to uphold individuals or groups to a high standard. People are asked to go beyond their comfort zone, so as a leader you should set the example by getting in person involved in the celebrations of varies cultures ( Kouzes & Posner, p.329, 2013).\r\nSome other best pr actices may allow Plan a celebration today, reinforce core values in your celebrations. A leader need to start the celebration right now and don’t procrastinate. Understanding those cultures now will make for a better transition of understanding. Lastly, a leader should understand the cultures values and what they purpose to realize ( Kouzes & Posner, p.331, 2013). Being progressive and obtaining values and loyalty are let on factors that will enable a leader to be successful in dealing with multiple cultures.\r\nSDLP\r\nI will implement my understanding of connecting celebration, community and commitment to my original career. I have a clearer picture of how to bond and recognize those employees who work hard and treat them like an individual should be treated. I will go a step further in implementing a framework that will celebrate the key values of my staff when they go the superfluous mile to achieve their goals. My commitment to them will highlight and reward t hem not vindicatory internally, but publically as well. I know that this will be a motivation tool that can help shape the future of me as a leader and my organization. I will text file my newly found knowledge of celebrating a community in my SDLP.\r\n'

'Bariatric Surgery\r'

'Bariatric mental process Indication: No studies evaluate the ordinarily used indications for bariatric surgery. Consensus guidelines suggest that the functional intercession of corpulency should be reserved for patients with a proboscis-mass index (BMI) >40 kg/m(2) or with BMI >35 kg/m(2) and 1 or to a greater extent signifi johnt co morbid conditions, when little invasive methods of tip harm eat failed and the patient is at noble gamble for obesity-associated morbidity and mortality (strength of good word: C, based on consensus guidelines). Types:There argon deuce basic types of give the axet over going surgery — restrictive surgeries and malabsorptive/restrictive surgeries. They patron with metric cargo down unit harm in unalike routes. Restrictive surgeries: work by physically restrict the size of the survive and slowing deck digestion. A normal place upright tail hold ab come forth 3 pints of food. After surgery, the put forward ma y at original hold as unretentive as an ounce, although later that could stretch to 2 or 3 ounces. The humiliateder the stomach, the less(prenominal) you bath eat. The less you eat the to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) than weight you lose. Malabsorptive/restrictive surgeries:  be more invasive surgeries that work by ever-changing how you take in food.In addition to restricting the size of the stomach, these surgeries physically remove or prepargon close parts of your digestive tract, which makes it harder for your body to absorb calories. Purely malabsorptive surgeries — to a fault called intestinal swinges — argon no longer through because of the office exits. Specific Types of saddle spillage Surgery There are few(prenominal) different surgical mathematical processs for weight firing, and all(prenominal) has several variations. Ad full fit stomachic stripes Gastric call uping is among the least invasive weight deprivation treatm ents.This surgery uses an inflatable band to squeeze the stomach into deuce instalments: a petiteer hurrying sacking and a larger lower section. The ii sections are still connected; its just the channel surrounded by them is very small, which slows down the emptying of the speed pouch. Gastric banding physically restricts the amount of food you rouse take in at a meal. Most pot can provided eat a ? to 1 shape of food ahead facial expressioning in addition full or sick. The food excessively needs to be soft or well-chewed. There are several brands of adjustable stomachic bands available. They include LAP-BAND and REALIZE. Pros.The advantage to stomachic banding is that its simpler to do and safer than stomachic avoid and other operations. Its routinely d integrity as minimally invasive surgery, using small incisions, special instruments, and a tiny camera called a laparoscope. Rec overy is usually faster. You can to a fault have it reversed by surgically removing the band. Because the band is connected to an open up just beneath the skin in the abdomen, it can be easily disentangled or tightened in the doctors office. To tighten the band and promote restrict the stomach size, more saline solution is injected into the band.To loosen it, the smooth is removed with a needle. The Cons. People who get gastric banding practically have less dramatic weight red than those who get more invasive surgeries. They may in any case be more credibly to regain some of the weight over the long time. The Risks. The most common side effect of gastric banding is vomiting, a expiry of eating as well more than too quickly. Complications with the band arent uncommon. It might slip out of place, or become too loose, or leak. Sometimes, further surgeries are necessary. As with all surgery, infection is always a lay on the line. Although unlikely, some complications can be life-threatening. weapon Gastrectomy This is another plaster bandage of restrictive weight dismission surgery. In the operation, which is usually done with a laparoscope, about 75% of the stomach is removed. What remains of the stomach is a narrow tube or subdivision, which connects to the intestines. Sometimes, a sleeve gastrectomy is a first step in a eon of weight bolshie surgeries. It can be followed up by gastric swing or biliopancreatic cheer, if more weight loss is needed. However, in other cases, it might be the only surgery you need. The Pros. For mint who are very obese or sick, ensample gastric get about or biliopancreatic deflection may be too encountery.A sleeve gastrectomy is a simpler operation that allows them a lower-risk way to lose weight. If needed, once theyve lost weight and their health has improved — usually later on 12 months to 18 months — they can go on to have a entropy surgery, such as gastric bypass. In people with mellowed BMIs, sleeve gastrectomies go away in an median(a) weight loss of greater than 50% of excess weight. Because the intestines arent affected, a sleeve gastrectomy doesnt affect the absorption of food, so nutritional deficiencies are not a problem. The Cons. unconnected gastric banding procedures, a sleeve gastrectomy is irreversible.Most importantly, since its relatively new, the long-term benefits and risks are still being evaluated. The Risks. Typical surgical risks include infection, leaking of the sleeve, and caudex clots. Gastric circulate Surgery (Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass) Gastric bypass is the most common type of weight loss surgery. It combines both restrictive and malabsorptive approaches. It can be done as all a minimally invasive or open surgery. In the operation, the surgeon divides the stomach into two parts, sealing off the upper section from the lower. The surgeon then connects the upper stomach directly to the lower section of the small intestine.Essentially, the surgeon is creating a cutoff for the food, bypassing a section of the stomach and the small intestine. Skipping these parts of the digestive tract office that fewer calories get absorbed into the body. The Pros. Weight loss tends to be swift and dramatic. astir(predicate) 50% of it happens in the first sextet months. It may continue for up to two years after the operation. Because of the rapid weight loss, health conditions affected by obesity †such as diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, arthritis, sleep apnea, heartburn, and other conditions — often improve quickly.Youll probably also feel a dramatic improvement in your quality of life. Gastric bypass also has good long-term results; studies have open that many people keep most of the weight off for 10 years or longer. The Cons. By design, surgeries like this violate the bodys ability to absorb food. While that can cause rapid weight loss, it also puts you at risk of serious nutritional deficiencies. The loss of calcium and iron could communicate to osteoporosis and anemia. Youll have t o be very scrupulous with your diet — and take supplements — for the rest of your life.Another risk of gastric bypass is dumping syndrome, in which food is â€Å"dumped” from the stomach into the intestines too quickly, before its been properly digested. About 85% of people who get a gastric bypass have some dumping. Symptoms include nausea, bloating, pain, sweating, weakness, and diarrhea. cast out is often triggered by sugary or high-carbohydrate foods, and adjusting the diet helps. However, some experts actually look into dumping syndrome as beneficial, in that it encourages people to avoid foods that could lead to weight gain. Unlike adjustable gastric banding, gastric bypass is generally considered irreversible.It has been reversed in idealistic cases. Therefore, getting this surgery means that youre permanently changing how your body digests food. The Risks. Because these weight loss surgeries are more complicated, the risks are higher. The risk of death from these procedures is low — about 1% — but they are more solemn than gastric banding. Infection and blood clots are risks, as they are with most surgeries. Gastric bypass also increases the risk of hernias, which can develop later and may need further surgery to fix. Also, a side effect of rapid weight loss can be the formation of gallstones.Biliopancreatic pastime This is essentially a more forceful version of a gastric bypass, in which part of the stomach — as much as 70% — is removed, and fifty-fifty more of the small intestine is bypassed. A approximately less extreme version of this weight loss surgery is called biliopancreatic fun with a duodenal swap or â€Å"the duodenal switch. ” While still more tough than a gastric bypass, this procedure removes less of the stomach and bypasses less of the small intestine. It also reduces the risk of dumping syndrome, malnutrition, and ulcers, which are more common with a standard biliopancreatic diversion.The Pros. Biliopancreatic diversion can result in even greater and faster weight loss than a gastric bypass. Studies show an average long-term loss of 70% to 80% of excess weight. Although much of the stomach is removed, the correspondence is still larger than the pouches formed during gastric bypass or banding procedures. So you may actually be able to eat larger meals with this surgery than with others. The Cons. Biliopancreatic diversion is less common than gastric bypass. peerless of the reasons is that the risk of nutritional deficiencies is much more serious.It also poses many of the same risks as gastric bypass, including dumping syndrome. However, the duodenal switch may lower some of these risks. The Risks. This is one of the most complicated and high-risk weight loss surgeries. According to National gives of Health, the risk of death from the duodenal switch ranges between 2. 5% and 5%. As with gastric bypass, this surgery poses a fairly high risk of hernia, which will need further surgery to correct. However, this risk is lower when the procedure is done laparoscopically. Reference: News wrench Allegran.ACP Medicine: â€Å"Endocrinology Chapter X: Obesity. ” American social club for Bariatric Surgery electronic network order: â€Å" plan History and Summary of Bariatric Surgery. ” American participation for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery web site: â€Å"Bariatric Surgery: Postoperative Concerns. ” National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Kidney Diseases: â€Å"Gastrointestinal Surgery for frightful Obesity. ” Obesity Action Coalition web site: â€Å"Gastrointestinal Surgery (Bariatric Surgery),” Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy. ” Reviewed by Melinda Ratini, DO, MS on may 29, 2012 © 2012 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved.\r\n'